Notes

• [*]
  Originally published in Tsinghua China Law Review in 2014.
• [**]
  Ph.D. Candidate, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Law.
• [1]
  Zhao first introduced his Tianxia system in a paper delivered at the international conference “International Conference on Universal Knowledge and Language” in Goa, India, on 22 November 2005.
• [2]
  See Sunndeep Waslekar, Women Shidai de Da Wenti: Cong Minzu Guojia Dao Quanqiu Gongtongi (我们时代的大问题：从民族国家到全球共同体) [The Big Problem of Our Time: From Nations to the Global World] in Zhao Tingyang (赵汀阳), Tianxia Tixi—Shijie Zhidu Zhexue Daolun (天下体系—世界制度哲学导论) [The Tianxia System—An Introduction to the Philosophy of a World Institution] 111 (2005) (A function of Tianxia System) [hereinafter Waslekar]; Francesco Sisci, Under the Same Sky: A New World-view from China, 56 Diogenes 74–82 (2009).
• [3]
  See William A. Callahan, Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-Hegemonic or a New Hegemony, 10 Int’l Stud. Rev. 749 (2008); Chang Chishen, Tianxia System on a Snail’s Horns, 12 Inter-Asia Cultural Stud., 1 (2011).
• [4]
  Chen Yuping (陈玉屏), Lüe Lun Zhongguo Gudai “Tianxia”, “Guojia” he “Zhongguo” Guan (略 论 中 国 古 代 “天 下” 、 “国 家” 和 “中 国” 观) [The Idea of “Tianxia,” “Guojia” and “Zhongguo” in Ancient China], 1 Minzu Yanjiu (民族研究) [Ethno-National Stud.] 67 (2005) (no consensus on Tianxia’s definition).
• [5]
  Luo Zhitian (罗志田), Tianxia yu Shijie: Qingmo Shiren guanyu Renlei Shehui Renzhi de Zhuanbian (天下与世界：清末士人关于人类社会认知的转变) [From Tianxia to the World: Changes in Late Qing Intellectuals’ Conceptions of Human Society], 5 Zhangguo Shehui Kexue (中国社会科 学) [Soc. Sci. China] 191(2008).
• [6]
  Li Xiantang (李宪堂), Tianxiaguan de Luoji Qidian yu Lishi Shengcheng (“天下观”的逻辑起 点与历史生成) [The Logical Starting Point and Historical Formation of the Tianxia View], 44 Xueshu Yuekan (学术月刊) [Acad. Monthly] 127 (2012).
• [7]
  Mou Fasong (牟发松), Tianxia Lun—Yi Tianxia de Shehui Hanyi Wei Zhongxin (天下论——以 天下的社会涵义为中心) [Tianxia—From the Perspective of Its Social Meanings], 6 Jianghan Luntan (江汉论坛) [Jianghan Tribune] 114, 115, 119–20 (2011) (other representations of Tianxia).
• [8]
  Zhao Tingyang (赵汀阳), Tianxia Tixi de Yige Jianyao Biaoshu (天下体系的一个简要表述) [An Introduction to the All-under-Heaven System], 10 Shijie Jingji Yu Zhengzhi (世界经济与政治)
• [9]
  See Zhao Tingyang (赵汀阳), Tianxia Tixi—Shijie Zhidu Zhexue Daolun (天下体系—世界制度 哲学导论) [The Tianxia System—An Introduction to the Philosophy of a World Institution] (2011) [hereinafter Zhao, The Tianxia System]; Zhao Tingyang, Investigations of the Bad World: Political Philosophy as the First Philosophy (2009) [hereinafter Zhao, Bad World]; Zhao Tingyang, A Political World Philosophy in Terms of All-under-heaven, 221 Diogenes 5–18 (2009) [hereinafter Zhao, Political World Philosophy]; Zhao Tingyang, Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept “All-under-heaven”, 12 SOC. Identities 29 (2006) [hereinafter Zhao, Rethinking Empire]; Zhao also gave an interview to Jean-Marc Coicaud about the Tianxia System, which was documented in World Philosophy 6 (2011).
• [10]
  Zhao, Political World Philosophy, supra note 9, at 1.
• [11]
  Zhao, Rethinking Empire, supra note 9, at 29.
• [12]
  Id. at 29–41.
• [13]
  Id. at 30–31.
• [14]
  Id. at 31.
• [15]
  Id. at 30.
• [16]
  Id. at 36.
• [17]
  Id. at 30.
• [18]
  Zhao, Political World Philosophy, supra note 9, at 10.
• [19]
  Id. at 33.
• [20]
  Id.
• [21]
  Id.
• [22]
  Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 101.
• [23]
  Id. at 3.
• [24]
  Id. at 3–4.
• [25]
  Id. at 4–5.
• [26]
  Id. at 107.
• [27]
  Waslekar, supra note 2.
• [28]
  Id. at 114.
• [29]
  See Alain LePichor, Cunzai Zhe Jipo Xifang Xianxing Fazhan Moshi de Mouzhong Qiji, (存在着 击破西方线性发展模式的某种契机) [The Existing Opportunities to Break the Western Linear Model of Development] (2011).
• [30]
  See Peter J. Katzenstein, Tianxia Shi Renlei Xiangxiangli de Youhuo (天下是人类想象力的诱惑) [Tianxia Is the Temptation of Human Imagination], in Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9.
• [31]
  See Zhang Shuguang (张曙光), Tianxia Lilun he Shijie Zhidu—Jiu Tianxia Tixi Wenxue yu Zhao Tingyang Xiansheng (天下理论和世界制度—就天下体系问学于赵汀阳先生) [Tianxia Theory and a World System—Discussing the Tianxia System with Zhao Tingyang], in Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 244–257.
• [32]
  Id. at 6.
• [33]
  Zhou Fangyin (周方银), Tianxia Tixi Shi Zuihao de Shijie Zhidu Ma? (天下体系是最好的世界 制度吗?) [Is the Tianxia System the Best World System?], 2 Guoji Zhengzhi Kexue (国际政治科学) [Q. J. Int’l Pol.] 98, 100–01 (2008) (questioning the usage of Zhao’s approach in practice).
• [34]
  Zhang, supra note 31.
• [35]
  William A. Callahan, Tianxia, Empire and the World: Soft Power and China’s Foreign Policy Discourse in the 21^st Century, (Working Paper 2007), http://www.bicc.ac.uk/files/2012/0601-Callahan.pdf.
• [36]
  Zhao, Rethinking Empire, supra note 9, at 33.
• [37]
  Id.
• [38]
  Zhou, supra note 33, at 239.
• [39]
  Zhang, supra note 31, at 248.
• [40]
  Id.
• [41]
  Callahan, supra note 35, at 2.
• [42]
  Chang, supra note 3, at 37.
• [43]
  See Banyan, Tianxia Wushi Ke Yue Xin (天下无事可曰新) [Nothing Is New under Tianxia], in Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 128.
• [44]
  See Francesco Sisci, Tong Yipian Tiankong Xia, Zhongguo de Xin Shijieguan (同一片天空下， 中国的新世界观) [China’s New View of the World under the Same Sky], in Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 15.
• [45]
  Id. at 159.
• [46]
  Callahan, supra note 35, at 16.
• [47]
  Id. at 17.
• [48]
  Id. at 18.
• [49]
  Zhao, Rethinking Empire, supra note 9, at 4.
• [50]
  Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 3.
• [51]
  See Zhao, Political World Philosophy, supra note 9, at 10.
• [52]
  Jean-Marc Coicaud, An Interview with Professor Zhao Tingyang—UNU Conversation Series on Global Justice, 6 World Phil. 122–9 (2011).
• [53]
  J. K. Fairbank, Tributary Trade and China’s Relations with the West, 1:2 Far Eastern Quarterly 129 (1942).
• [54]
  Siyi means minorities which were regarded as barbarians by the central government.
• [55]
  Chang, supra note 3, at 35.
• [56]
  Zhao, Rethinking Empire, supra note 9, at 34.
• [57]
  Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 34.
• [58]
  Id. at 71.
• [59]
  That is, burning of books and burying of scholars.
• [60]
  That is, solely venerating Confucianism.
• [61]
  Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 59.
• [62]
  Zhao, Political World Philosophy, supra note 9, at 9 (Zhao says, “the Zhou invention ‘all-under-heaven’ meant that its Chinese counterpart began with a world perspective” and, later on, describes the major political ideas of Zhou leaders); Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 100 (Zhao mentions Chunqiu).
• [63]
  Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 34–35.
• [64]
  Li is a Chinese word used in Confucian philosophy. It is an abstract idea that can be understood in different ways, such as rites, ritual propriety, customs, morals and so on.
• [65]
  Zhao, Rethinking Empire, supra note 9, at 54.
• [66]
  Daniel A. Bell, War, Peace, and China’s Soft Power: A Confucian Approach, 56 Diogenes 31 (2009).
• [67]
  Joseph Chan, Territorial Boundaries and Confucianism, in Confucian Pol. Ethics 66, 81 (David A. Bell ed., 2008).
• [68]
  Bell, supra note 66, at 31.
• [69]
  Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at preface.
• [70]
  Bell, supra note 66, at 38.
• [71]
  Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 5–6.
• [72]
  Zhao, Political World Philosophy, supra note 9, at 13.
• [73]
  Zhao, Rethinking Empire, supra note 9, at 32.
• [74]
  Tony Carty, Israel’s Legal Right to Exist and the Principle of the Self-determination of the Palestinian People?, 76 Mod.L. Rev. 158 (2013).
• [75]
  Callahan, supra note 3, at 753.
• [76]
  E.g. Callahan, supra note 35, at 3.
• [77]
  Zhao, The Tianxia System, supra note 9, at 59. (Zhao explained “universalization” as imposing one’s own ideology and thoughts on others and aiming to deprive others of their own culture).