What economic issues are addressed by the theologians and ethicists of the Middle Ages, and what theological arguments do they employ? Medieval thinkers did not invent “the market” as such, and they cannot be considered the ancestors of Adam Smith. Nevertheless, through their thinking about voluntary poverty they contributed to the development of concepts that would later become fundamentally important in the elaboration of other economic theories. Taking account of this history, we will look for contemporary traces of medieval economic theory and theological argumentation, particularly in the 2018 Roman document Œconomicæ et pecuniariæ quæstiones.