The French vocational training system is based on a blend of training and employment, company-funded training, and short periods of work experience rather than on models involving long periods of publicly funded vocational training (evening courses in many cases) as a means of social promotion or those privileging cultural development, citizenship, and lifelong learning. The legislation passed in 2002 and 2004 was designed to rebalance the system. Four possible changes have been analyzed: increasing adults’ responsibility for their own training, reducing inequalities, improving the efficiency of vocational training for employees and the unemployed, and focusing on the demand for training rather than the supply, especially at the regional level. This review of the conditions on which these changes depend leads to moderately optimistic conclusions.