Notes

• [1]
  Collective Authorship, “EU Drug Markets Analysis from the EMCDDA and EUROPOL”, European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) - EUROPOL, Lisbon, 2023.
• [2]
  Ibid.
• [3]
  HADDAD, Scarlett, “Entre Aspects Technique et Politique, L’affaire des Grenades Envenime les Relations Libano-Saoudiennes”, L’Oient Le Jour, Beyrouth, 2021, Available on : https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1260201/entre-aspects-technique-et-politique-laffaire-des-grenades-envenime-les-relations-libano-saoudiennes.html
• [4]
  GEBEILY, Maya, “Lebanon Set to Be Grey-Listed by Financial Crime Watchdog”, Reuters, London, United Kingdom, 2023, Available on : https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanon-set-be-grey-listed-by-financial-crime-watchdog-sources-2023-05-23/
• [5]
  Collective Authorship, “Captagon Trafficking and the Role”, European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Luxembourg, September 2023.
• [6]
  MDMA est l’acronyme du 3,4-méthylènedioxy-N-méthylamphétamine.
• [7]
  European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), “Rapport Européen sur les Drogues, Tendances et Évolutions”, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2017.
• [8]
  European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), “Captagon : Understanding Today’s Illicit Market”, Op. Cit.
• [9]
  SWI swissinfo.ch - Une des unités affiliées à la Société suisse de radiodiffusion et de télévision, November 2022.
• [10]
  SHELLEY, Fred. M., & METZ, Reagan : Geography of trafficking : from drug smuggling to modern-day slavery. Published by Bloomsbury Publishing, USA. 1^st edition. On October 27^th, 2017.
• [11]
  STARES, PB., “Global Habit : The Drug Problem in a Borderless World”, NCJRS Virtual Library, US Department of Justice, 1996.
• [12]
  Oeuvre Collective, “Le Trafic de Drogue Nuit à Tous les Pays du Monde, Qu’ils Soient d’origine, de Transit ou de Destination”, INTERPOL, Disponible sur : https://www.interpol.int/ar/4/9 (Arabe).
• [13]
  ROSE, Caroline & SODERHOLM, Alexander, “The Captagon Threat : A Profile of Illicit Trade, Consumption, and Regional Realities”, The New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy, Washington, DC, April 2022.
• [14]
  Collective Authorship, “Amphetamines and Ecstasy”, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Vienna, Austria, September 2013.
• [15]
  TONDO, Lorenzo, “Italian Police Seize € 1Bn Amphetamine Haul from Syria”, The Guardian, July 2020, Available on : https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/01/italian-police-seize-1bn-amphetamine-haul-from-syria.
• [16]
  GIOMMONI, Luca & AZIANI, Alberto & BERLUSCONI, Giulia, “How Do Illicit Drugs Move Across Countries ? ”, SAGE Journal, Journal of Drug Issues, Vol 47(2), Pages 217-240.
• [17]
  Agence Nationale de Presse, “ La Saisie de Matière Première de Captagon”, Ministere Libanais de l’Information, Janvier 2024.
• [18]
  Collective Authorship, “Illuminating Dark Networks : A Social Network Analysis of an Australian Drug Trafficking Syndicate”, Crime, Law and Social Change - US Military Academy, Cambridge University Press, August 2015.
• [19]
  La Direction Générale de la Sécurité Intérieure, départment d’information, décembre 2019.
• [20]
  AL-SAGHIR, Mohamad, “DARK WEB : Le Côté Obscur d’Internet”, Al-Akhbar, Aout 2022, Disponible sur : https://al-akhbar.com/Lebanon/343405
• [21]
  ROSE, Caroline, “The Reach of the Trade in Captagon Beyond the Middle East”, European View, Vol 22(2), 2023, Pages 295-303.
• [22]
  LEVI, Michael & MAGUIRE, Mike, “Reducing and Preventing Organised Crime”, Crime, Law and Social Change, Vol 41, 2004, Pages 397-469.
• [23]
  FIJNAUT, Cyrille & HUBERTS, Leo, “Corruption, Integrity and Law Enforcement”, Brill Nijhoff, August 2021, Pages 3-34.
• [24]
  CHOUCAIR, Mohamed, “Lebanon to Issue New Legislations on Combating captagon Smuggling”, Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, Beyrouth, may 2023, Available on : https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4336031-lebanon-issue-new-legislations-combating-captagon-smuggling.
• [25]
  Oeuvre Collective, “Le Liban Fait Face à la Promulgation d’une Nouvelle Législation pour Lutter Contre la Contrebande de Captagon”, National News Agency, Mai 2023, Disponible sur : www.nna-gov.lb/ar/615171. (Arabe). (Arabe)
• [26]
  KLEIN, Axel, “Drug Problem or Medi-Crime ? Distribution and Use of Falsified Tramadol Medication in Egypt and West Africa”, Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, Vol 1(1), 2019, Pages 52-62.
• [27]
  LEVI, Michael & MAGUIRE, Mike, Op. Cit.
• [28]
  Collective Authorship, “Examining the Societal and Legal Landscape of Drug Abuse Awareness : A Comprehensive Survey Among University Students”, Journal of Informatics Education and Research, Vol 3(2), 2023.
• [29]
  European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), “Environmental Impact of Synthetic Drug Production”, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2023.
• [30]
  KHAN, Ahmed, “How Technology Can Eradicate Drug Trafficking from Commercial Shipping”, ShipIn, January 2022, Available on : https://shipin.ai/resources/how-technology-can-eradicate-drug-trafficking-from-commercial-shipping/
• [31]
  REVA, Denys, “Can Smart Ports Curb Drug Trafficking ?”, Institute for Security Studies, Novembre 2020, Available on : https://issafrica.org/iss-today/can-smart-ports-curb-drug-trafficking.