Journal issue

Varia

ArchéoSciences
2024/2 n°48-2

80 pages

2024. Varia. Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes. « ArchéoSciences », 2024/2 n°48-2, p.80. URL : https://shs.cairn.info/journal-archeosciences-2024-2?lang=en.

Varia. ArchéoSciences, 482, 2, 2024, shs.cairn.info/journal-archeosciences-2024-2?lang=en.

Varia. (2024). ArchéoSciences, (48-2), https://shs.cairn.info/journal-archeosciences-2024-2?lang=en.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Maps and images of a study area with highlighted regions and corresponding photographs.

The image consists of several sections that provide a detailed overview of a specific geographical study area. At the top left, there is a map of a country with various regions labeled. A highlighted area in red indicates the specific study region, which is zoomed in on the top right section of the image. This zoomed-in section shows a more detailed map of the study area, with a color gradient indicating different values, possibly elevation or another geographical metric. The legend on the right side of this map explains the color coding, with green representing lower values and red representing higher values. Below the maps, there are three photographs arranged in a vertical column. The first photograph shows a landscape with palm trees and traditional structures, suggesting a rural or semi-rural setting. The second photograph depicts a densely packed urban area with numerous buildings, indicating a city or town. The third photograph features a landscape with rocky terrain and sparse vegetation, likely representing a desert or arid region. In the center of the image, there is a detailed satellite map of the study area. This map includes various geographical features such as roads, cities, and topographical details. Several locations are labeled with names, and arrows point from these labels to corresponding photographs in the vertical column, providing visual context for these locations. Overall, the image provides a comprehensive visual representation of the study area, combining maps, satellite imagery, and photographs to illustrate its geographical and environmental characteristics.

Figure 1 : Location map of Study area. Figure 1 : Localisation de la zone d’étude.

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Image description generated by AI: Bar chart displaying weights calculated using the AHP method for various categories.

The image is a horizontal bar chart titled "Figure 4: The weights calculated using the AHP method." It displays various categories on the left side, each associated with a corresponding bar extending to the right. The categories listed are "DEM," "Sbpe," "Hillishade," "Streams," "Springs," "HDVI," "Fertility," "Palmerie," and "Urban." Each category has a numerical weight value next to it, indicating its significance or importance. The weights are as follows: - DEM: 0.027 - Sbpe: 0.026 - Hillishade: 0.028 - Streams: 0.060 - Springs: 0.047 - HDVI: 0.176 - Fertility: 0.113 - Palmerie: 0.184 - Urban: 0.338 The weights increase progressively from DEM to Urban, with "Urban" having the highest weight at 0.338 and "DEM" the lowest at 0.027. At the bottom of the chart, there is a note indicating "Inconsistency = 0.06 with 0 missing judgments." This suggests that the consistency ratio of the weights calculated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is 0.06, and there were no missing judgments in the analysis.

Figure 4 : The weights calculated using the AHP method.Figure 4 : Les poids calculés par la méthode AHP.

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Image description generated by AI: Map showing site probability with color-coded regions and markers.

The image is a map depicting the prediction of urban heritage locations in Zabe el Guarbi, Biskra. The map uses a color-coded system to indicate the probability of site locations. The legend on the right side of the map explains the color coding: - Very low probability areas are shown in yellow. - Low probability areas are in light green. - Medium probability areas are in green. - High probability areas are in dark green. - Very high probability areas are in blue. Several red "b" markers are scattered across the map, indicating specific known locations or points of interest. The map includes a scale bar at the bottom left, showing distances in miles, and a north arrow for orientation. The map's coordinates range from approximately 5°40'0" E to 6°0'0" E in longitude and from 34°25'0" N to 34°60'0" N in latitude. The map outlines the geographical boundaries of the area under study, providing a clear visual representation of the predicted urban heritage sites' distribution.

Figure 5 : Map of prediction of urban heritage locations in Zabe el Guarbi, Biskra. Figure 5 : Carte de prédiction des emplacements du patrimoine urbain à Zabe el Guarbi, Biskra.

Figure

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Image description generated by AI: Nine color-coded maps showing varying criteria across a region.

The image consists of nine distinct maps arranged in a 3x3 grid. Each map appears to represent a geographical area, likely a specific region or country, with varying color gradients. The maps use a color scale ranging from dark blue to bright green, indicating different levels of a particular criterion or measurement. 1. **Top Row:** - **First Map:** Predominantly dark blue with some areas transitioning to green. The legend indicates a range from dark blue (low values) to bright green (high values). - **Second Map:** Similar to the first, with a mix of dark blue and green areas, suggesting a gradient of values. - **Third Map:** Mostly blue with some green areas, indicating a similar range of values. 2. **Middle Row:** - **First Map:** A mix of dark blue and green, with more green areas compared to the top row, suggesting higher values. - **Second Map:** A gradient from dark blue to bright green, indicating a smooth transition of values across the region. - **Third Map:** Predominantly green with some blue areas, showing higher values overall. 3. **Bottom Row:** - **First Map:** A mix of green and blue, with more green areas, indicating higher values. - **Second Map:** Predominantly green with some blue areas, suggesting higher values. - **Third Map:** Mostly green with some blue areas, indicating higher values. Each map includes a legend on the right side, detailing the range of values from dark blue (low) to bright green (high). The maps likely represent different criteria used in the AHP-GeoTOPSIS method, showing variations in geographical data across the region.

Figure 2 : Criteria used in the AHP-GeoTOPSIS method.Figure 2 : Critères utilisés dans la méthodeAHP-GeoTOPSIS.

Figure

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Image description generated by AI: début tableau 1re rangée D majuscule indice i exposant position de base égale début racine carrée sommation début souscript j égale 1 début suscript n fin scripts parenthèse gauche y indice i exposant position de base moins y indice i j position de base parenthèse droite au carré fin racine carrée virgule parenthèse gauche i égale 1 virgule 2 virgule point point point point point point point point point point point point point m parenthèse droite parenthèse gauche 5 parenthèse droite 2e rangée D majuscule indice i exposant moins position de base égale début racine carrée sommation début souscript j égale 1 début suscript n fin scripts parenthèse gauche y indice i j position de base moins y indice i exposant moins position de base parenthèse droite au carré fin racine carrée virgule parenthèse gauche i égale 1 virgule 2 virgule point point point point point point point point point point point point point point point point m parenthèse droite parenthèse gauche 6 parenthèse droite fin tableau

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Image description generated by AI: 0 plus petit ou égal à C majuscule indice I majuscule exposant position de base plus petit ou égal à 1 virgule i égale 1 virgule 2 virgule point point point point point point virgule m point

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Image description generated by AI: Flowchart depicting study method for predicting historic sites in desert areas.

The image is a flowchart titled "Figure 3: The flowchart of the study." It outlines a methodological process for predicting historic sites in desert areas using GIS analysis and various data sources. The flowchart is divided into four main sections: Data Preparation, Data Analysis, Model Validation, and Result Analysis. 1. **Data Preparation (Green Section)**: - **Data 07 locations of historic site "Ksar"**: This step involves gathering data on the locations of historic sites known as "Ksar." - **Google Maps**: This tool is used to correct the longitude and latitude of the collected locations. - **Data Remote Sensing and Spatial Data**: This involves collecting geo-environmental criteria such as: - Slope - Digital Elevation Model (DEM) - Distance to river - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) - Fertility - Distance to palm grove - Distance to urban area 2. **Data Analysis (Red Section)**: - **Shape file**: This file is used as input for GIS analysis. - **GIS analysis**: This step involves analyzing various geo-environmental criteria including DEM, slope, fertility, and NDVI. - **Euclidian distance**: This metric is used to measure distances between points. - **Reclassify Maps 1 to 10 Point Scale**: The maps are reclassified into a point scale ranging from 1 to 10. 3. **Model Validation (Orange Section)**: - **GeoTOPSIS**: This tool is used to predict maps based on the validated model. - **AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)**: This method is used to validate the model. 4. **Result Analysis (Yellow Section)**: - **GIS (Interpolation)**: This step involves interpolating the data to predict historic sites. - **Predicting historic sites in desert areas**: The final outcome is the prediction of historic sites in desert areas. The flowchart visually represents the sequential steps and interactions between different data sources, analytical tools, and validation methods to achieve the goal of predicting historic sites.

Figure 3 : The flowchart of the study. Figure 3 : L’organigramme de la méthode d’étude.

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Image description generated by AI: A majuscule égale crochet gauche alpha indice i j position de base crochet droit indice n virgule n position de base est un diviseur de

Figure

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Plan du site expérimental avec plusieurs silos et bâtiments, axes de dessin et coordonnées GPS.

Le plan montre un site expérimental avec plusieurs zones et repères. À gauche, il y a des zones marquées par des croix grises de différentes tailles. Ces croix sont étiquetées avec des coordonnées telles que Y=6171.100 et Y=6171.050. Au centre et à droite, il y a un grand triangle avec des repères numérotés de 56a à 56f. À l'intérieur de ce triangle, sept points sont étiquetés "silo" et numérotés de 1 à 7. Chaque silo est représenté par un cercle brun. Il y a également des légendes indiquant les symboles utilisés : un cercle brun pour "silo", une croix grise pour "bâtiment", et une ligne avec une flèche pour "axe de dessin en coupe". Une échelle en bas montre une distance de 0 à 25 mètres. Le plan est orienté avec une boussole indiquant le nord en haut à gauche.

Figure 1 : Plan du site expérimental en 2019. Figure 1 : Map of the experimental site in 2019.

(C. Bioul)

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Image description generated by AI: Tableau avec données sur les silos 1 à 7 : temps de creusement, volumes et dimensions.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Numéro de silo</th> <th>Année creusement</th> <th>Temps creusement (en h)</th> <th>Volume fosse (en 1)</th> <th>Hauteur totale (en m)</th> <th>Hauteur goulot (en m)</th> <th>Hauteur chambre (en m)</th> <th>Diamètre maximum chambre (en m</th> <th>Diamètre minimum chambre (en m)</th> <th>Diamètre goulot (en m)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Silo 1</td> <td>2016</td> <td>10</td> <td>790</td> <td>1,28</td> <td>0,68</td> <td>0,60</td> <td>1,18</td> <td>0,60</td> <td>0,60</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Silo 2</td> <td>2016</td> <td>12</td> <td>701</td> <td>1,33</td> <td>0,53</td> <td>0,80</td> <td>1,17</td> <td>0,51</td> <td>0,51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Silo 3</td> <td>2016</td> <td>12</td> <td>1005</td> <td>1,28</td> <td>0,55</td> <td>0,73</td> <td>0,70</td> <td>0,70</td> <td>0,60</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Silo 4</td> <td>2016</td> <td>12</td> <td>882</td> <td>1,28</td> <td>0,48</td> <td>0,80</td> <td>1,36</td> <td>0,61</td> <td>0,61</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Silo 5</td> <td>2017</td> <td>12h30</td> <td>1058</td> <td>1,35</td> <td>0,60</td> <td>0,75</td> <td>1,33</td> <td>0,60</td> <td>0,61</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Silo 6</td> <td>2019</td> <td>8</td> <td>788</td> <td>1,33</td> <td>0,61</td> <td>0,72</td> <td>1,39</td> <td>0,60</td> <td>0,60</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Silo 7</td> <td>2019</td> <td>12</td> <td>799</td> <td>1,30</td> <td>0,52</td> <td>0,78</td> <td>1,31</td> <td>0,52</td> <td>0,60</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Moyenne</td> <td></td> <td>860,43</td> <td>1,28</td> <td>0,68</td> <td>0,74</td> <td>1,20</td> <td>0,59</td> <td>0,56</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Tableau 1 : Temps de creusement, volumes et dimensions des silos 1 à 7. Table 1 : Digging times, volumes and dimensions of silos 1 to 7.

(C. Dominguez)

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Travail de fouille archéologique, outils et étapes.

L'image montre différentes étapes et outils utilisés pour l'excavation d'un silo. Dans la première partie (1), deux personnes commencent à creuser le sol en utilisant des pioches. La deuxième partie (2) montre une personne creusant dans une position inconfortable, probablement en raison de l'étroitesse du silo. La troisième partie (3) présente un diagramme indiquant un profil standardisé pour l'excavation, avec des mesures régulières à différents niveaux de profondeur. La quatrième partie (4) montre une personne utilisant une barre à mine pour entamer l'épaulement du silo. La cinquième partie (5) illustre une personne prenant des mesures précises à l'intérieur du silo. La sixième partie (6) montre l'évacuation des déblais avec de petits contenants souples d'environ un litre. Les outils et les méthodes présentés sont essentiels pour garantir la qualité de la conservation tout au long du processus d'excavation.

Figure 2 : Creusement de silo : étape et outillage. Figure 2 : Silo excavation: steps and tools.

Afin de ne pas induire des variations dans la qualité de la conservation, un profil standardisé est privilégié (3) et nécessite des mesures régulières (5). Suite au marquage au sol de l’embouchure, le creusement est exclusivement manuel (1). Il dure en moyenne onze heures et occupe deux à trois personnes en rotation entre le creusement et l’évacuation des déblais. Les premières dizaines de centimètres sont décaissés à la pioche puis l’emploi d’une herminette ou d’un piochon (tous deux à manches courts) sont les outils les plus adéquats. Le creusement du goulot d’accès est le plus inconfortable (2). Le manque d’espace rend l’emploi de la barre à mine indispensable pour entamer l’épaulement (4). L’évacuation des déblais au seau devient vite impossible dès que l’on s’enfonce dans le silo, et laisse la place à l’utilisation de petits contenants souples d’un litre environ (6). In order not to induce variations in the quality of conservation, a standardized profile is preferred (3) and requires regular measurements (5). After marking the mouth on the ground, digging is exclusively manual (1).It lasts an average of eleven hours and takes two to three people in rotation between digging and removing the sediment. The first few dozen centimeters are excavated with a small pickaxe, then the use of an adze or a small pickaxe (both with short handles) are the most suitable tools. Digging the access gully is the most uncomfortable (2). The lack of space makes the use of a crowbar indispensable to start the “shoulder” (4). The evacuation of the sediment with a bucket quickly becomes impossible as soon as one goes deeper into the silo, and gives way to the use of small flexible containers of about one liter.

(photo credits : C. Coeuret, M. Guix ; CAD: C. Dominguez).

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Image description generated by AI: Coupe de silo avec différentes couches et prélèvements.

L'image représente une coupe transversale d'un silo, étiquetée "Figure 3 : Relevé de la coupe cumulative du silo 4 en 2019". La coupe est divisée en plusieurs couches distinctes, chacune représentée par des couleurs différentes. En partant du haut, la première couche est étiquetée "terre végétale" et est représentée par une couleur verte claire. Juste en dessous, il y a une couche de "limon sableux" en orange clair. En dessous de cette couche, il y a une couche de "sable" en jaune clair. Cette couche contient plusieurs étoiles noires, indiquant les positions des prélèvements de grains. Plus bas, il y a une autre couche de "limon sableux" en orange clair, suivie d'une couche de "sable" en jaune clair. Cette section contient également des étoiles noires et des carrés, représentant les positions des prélèvements de grains et les enregistreurs d'humidité relative et de température. La couche la plus basse est étiquetée "limon argileux" en orange foncé. Sur le côté gauche de l'image, il y a une échelle en mètres, allant de 8,00 m à 10,00 m. Sur le côté droit, il y a une légende expliquant les différentes couleurs et symboles utilisés dans la coupe. La coupe montre également des lignes horizontales représentant différentes caractéristiques, telles que la croûte, la surface (prairie tondu), l'engrais (production 2019), la mélange de terre paillée (réalisé en 2019), la terre fibrée (reliquant de l'année 2018), le ragréage en mélange de terre paillée, et la paillasse tassée. L'image inclut également des annotations pour les couvercles en bois, les positions des prélèvements de grains, et les enregistreurs d'humidité relative et de température.

Figure 3 : Relevé de la coupe cumulative du silo 4 en 2019.Figure 3 : Cumulative cross-section survey of silo 4 in 2019.

Représentation caractéristique du protocole de protection des stocks mis en œuvre dans ce programme expérimental, méthodologie de prélèvement et de mesure de l’ambiance interne.Typical representation of the stock protection protocol implemented in this experimental programme, sampling methodology and measurement of the internal atmosphere.

(C. Dominguez, C. Coeuret)

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Silo partiellement vidé, grains moisis agglomérés aux parois, reste fluide au centre.

Figure 4 : État de conservation du stock de féverole dans le silo 3 après un an d’ensilage. Figure 4 : Faba bean state of conservation in silo 3 after one year of storing.

Vue de la vidange au niveau du tiers supérieur de la chambre de stockage. Les grains les plus moisis sont agglomérés à l’encaissant alors que le reste du stock au cœur de la fosse est resté fluide.View of the emptying at the level of the upper third of the storage chamber. The most moldy grains are agglomerated to the wall of the silo while the rest of the stock in the heart of the pit remained fluid.

(E.Yebdri)

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Image description generated by AI: Graphiques de températures et humidités relatives dans des silos pour 2017-2018.

L'image montre six graphiques comparant les températures et les humidités relatives enregistrées dans deux silos (Silo 4 et Silo 5) au cours de l'année de stockage 2017-2018. Les graphiques sont divisés en trois sections pour chaque silo : "Sonde proche de la paroi", "Sonde au centre du stock", et "Sonde au fond du stock". Chaque section contient deux graphiques côte à côte pour Silo 4 et Silo 5. Les graphiques représentent les variations de température (axe des y à gauche) et d'humidité relative (axe des y à droite) sur une période de septembre à octobre. Les zones surlignées en jaune sur les graphiques indiquent les plages de conditions ambiantes favorables à une activité microbienne d’altération. Les tendances notables incluent : - Les températures et humidités relatives varient tout au long de l'année. - Les conditions favorables à l'activité microbienne sont plus fréquentes à certains moments de l'année. - Les variations sont observées à différents points du silo (proche de la paroi, au centre, au fond). Ces graphiques fournissent une vue d'ensemble des conditions de stockage dans les silos pour l'année 2017-2018.

Figure 5 : Températures et humidités relatives enregistrées dans les silos pendant l’année de stockage 2017-2018. Figure 5 : Temperatures and relative humidity recorded in the silo during the 2017-2018 storage year.

Les zones surlignées en jaune représentent les plages de conditions ambiantes favorables à une activité microbienne d’altération. The areas highlighted in yellow represent the ranges of ambient conditions favorable to microbial spoilage activity.

(F. Fleurat Lessard)

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Profil des silos 1 à 7 de 2016 à 2019, montrant l'évolution des excavations et des restitutions.

Figure 6 : Evolution des profils de creusements des silos 2 à 7 entre 2016 et 2018 et du silo abandonné (silo 1). Figure 6: Evolution of the excavation profiles of silos 2 to 7 between 2016 and 2018 and the abandoned silo (silo 1).

(C. Dominguez)

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Image description generated by AI: Map showing geomorphology of southeastern Iran, highlighting Jiroft and Bampur regions.

Figure 1: Geomorphological map of south-eastern Iran and the surveyed areas. Figure 1 : Carte géomorphologique du sud-est de l’Iran et des zones étudiées.

1/ Jiroft in Kerman. 2/ Bampur in Baluchistan.1/ Jiroft à Kerman. 2/ Bampur au Baloutchistan.

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Image description generated by AI: Graphs showing clusters of pottery compositions from Konar Sandal South and Bampour regions.

The image is titled "Figure 8: Clustering of pottery by bulk chemical composition of the pottery according to the Noll diagram in the system SiO2 - CaO MgO - Al2O3." It is divided into two main sections: "Konar Sandal South" and "Bampour," each with clusters labeled as "Cluster 1" and "Cluster 2." Under "Konar Sandal South," there are six graphs arranged in two columns. Each graph displays data with the x-axis ranging from 0 to 60 and the y-axis ranging from 0 to 1,000. The graphs are labeled as follows: - Cluster 1: 4_KSS_7+ - Cluster 2: 3_KSS_5 - Cluster 1: 1_KSS_2*** - Cluster 2: 5_KSS_9 - Cluster 1: 2_KSS_4+ Under "Bampour," there are six graphs similarly arranged in two columns. Each graph displays data with the x-axis ranging from 0 to 60 and the y-axis ranging from 0 to 1,000. The graphs are labeled as follows: - Cluster 1: 4_Bp_17+ - Cluster 2: 1_Bp_11 - Cluster 1: 5_Bp_18*** - Cluster 2: 2_Bp_15 - Cluster 1: 3_Bp_16 Each graph contains lines of varying colors (black, green, red, blue) representing different data sets or measurements. The lines show peaks and troughs indicating the chemical composition variations of the pottery samples. The clusters are visually separated by vertical lines within the graphs.

Figure 8 : Clustering of pottery by bulk chemical composition of the pottery according to the Noll diagram in the system SiO2 - CaO+MgO - Al2O3. Figure 8 : Regroupement des poteries en fonction de leur composition chimique moyenne selon le diagramme de Noll dans le système SiO2 - CaO+MgO - Al2O3.

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Image description generated by AI: 3D scatter plot with clusters in blue, green, and gray, labeled with numbers and symbols.

The image displays a 3D scatter plot with three distinct clusters, each represented by a different color: blue, green, and gray. The plot is defined by two principal components, labeled as "Principal Component 1" and "Principal Component 2," which serve as the axes. - The blue cluster is positioned in the upper left quadrant of the plot, with data points ranging approximately from -1 to 1 on the Principal Component 1 axis and from 1 to 3 on the Principal Component 2 axis. - The green cluster is situated in the upper right quadrant, with data points ranging from about 0 to 2 on the Principal Component 1 axis and from 1 to 2.5 on the Principal Component 2 axis. - The gray cluster is located in the lower right quadrant, with data points ranging from 1 to 2.5 on the Principal Component 1 axis and from -1.5 to -0.5 on the Principal Component 2 axis. Each cluster contains several data points, some of which are connected by arrows indicating movement or progression within the cluster. The clusters are labeled with numbers and symbols, such as "5++", "7+", "8+", "6+++", "2+", "4+", and "1+++", suggesting different categories or classifications within the data. Additionally, there is a dense vertical line of data points along the Principal Component 1 axis, ranging from -4 to -3 on the Principal Component 1 axis and from -3.5 to -2.5 on the Principal Component 2 axis. This line is colored red and appears to be distinct from the other clusters. Overall, the plot visualizes the clustering of investigated samples based on discriminated XRD patterns, using hierarchical analysis by the Rietveld strategy.

Figure 9 : Clustering of the investigated samples based on the discriminated XRD patterns of each sample and hierarchical analysis by Rietveld strategy. Figure 9 : Regroupement des échantillons étudiés sur la base des diagrammes XRD discriminés de chaque échantillon et de l’analyse hiérarchique par la stratégie de Rietveld.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Various pottery sherds displayed with measurements and patterns.

Figure 2 : Studied objects and pottery sherds from Konar Sandal South. Figure 2 : Objets étudiés et tessons de poterie de Konar Sandal South.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Various pottery sherds displayed with measurements and labels.

The image displays various pottery sherds arranged in a grid format, each labeled with specific details. The pottery pieces are from Bampur and are part of a study. Each sherd is accompanied by a scale measurement, typically a 2 cm reference line for size context. The sherds vary in color, ranging from light beige to dark brown and black, and exhibit different patterns and decorations, including geometric designs and possibly some with painted motifs. Some sherds have straight edges, while others have more curved or irregular shapes. Each piece is labeled with a unique identifier, such as "Iranshahr 90 Bampour No: 11," indicating their origin and catalog number. The image also includes some line drawings of the sherds, providing additional visual information. The overall layout is organized, with each sherd and its corresponding drawing placed side by side for comparison.

Figure 3 : Studied objects and pottery sherds from Bampur.Figure 3 : Objets étudiés et tessons de poterie de Bampur.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Table listing pottery sherds with details on form, color, slip, additives, forming method, and surface characteristics.

The image displays a table titled "Table 2: Description of the examined pottery sherds based on their external characteristics." The table is organized into several columns, each representing different attributes of the pottery sherds. The columns include: 1. **Edge**: Indicates the condition of the edge of the pottery sherd. 2. **Body**: Describes the main body of the pottery sherd. 3. **Bottom**: Details the bottom part of the pottery sherd. 4. **Colour Interior**: Specifies the interior color of the pottery sherd. 5. **Colour Exterior**: Specifies the exterior color of the pottery sherd. 6. **Slip Interior**: Describes the slip (a thin layer of clay applied to the surface) on the interior of the pottery sherd. 7. **Slip Exterior**: Describes the slip on the exterior of the pottery sherd. 8. **Additives**: Indicates any additives present in the pottery sherd. 9. **Forming**: Describes the method used to form the pottery sherd. 10. **Technological Features**: Lists technological features of the pottery sherd. 11. **Processing (Surface Character)**: Describes the surface character of the pottery sherd. 12. **Smooth**: Indicates if the surface is smooth. 13. **Intermediate**: Indicates if the surface is of intermediate texture. 14. **Coarse**: Indicates if the surface is coarse. 15. **Decorations**: Describes the decorations on the interior and exterior of the pottery sherd. The table lists various pottery sherds identified by codes such as KSS_1, KSS_2, etc., and Bp_11, Bp_12, etc. Each row provides detailed information about the corresponding pottery sherd's attributes. The colors mentioned include Reddish, Grey, Orange, Beige, Light Grey, and Dark Grey. The forming method is consistently noted as "Wheel." The technological features are uniformly listed as "Minerals." The surface character is described as either smooth, intermediate, or coarse. Decorations are either absent or not specified for most entries. The table provides a comprehensive overview of the external characteristics of the examined pottery sherds, aiding in their classification and analysis.

Table 2 : Description of the examined pottery sherds based on their external characteristics. Tableau 2 : Description des tessons de poterie examinés sur la base de leurs caractéristiques externes.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: XRD patterns of pottery samples from Bampour and Konar Sandal South regions with phase matches.

The image consists of two main sections, each titled with the location of the pottery samples: "Potteries from Bampour" at the top and "Potteries from Konar Sandal South" at the bottom. ### Top Section: Potteries from Bampour - **XRD Patterns**: There are four XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns displayed as line graphs. Each pattern is labeled with different sample identifiers (e.g., Bp.11, Bp.15, Bp.16, Bp.18). - **X-Axis**: The x-axis is labeled "Position [2Theta] Copper (Cu)" and ranges from 0 to 60. - **Y-Axis**: The y-axis is labeled "Counts" and ranges from 0 to 2000. - **Peaks**: Various peaks are labeled with chemical elements such as Ms, Qz, Ab, An, Omp, Aug, Cal, Gh, Hem, and others, indicating the presence of different minerals or compounds. - **Tables Below Graphs**: Below each XRD pattern, there are tables with headers like "Peakdrops + Peak List," "Quantize," "Schmide," "Alabaster," "Alabastrine," "Municode 32/TM/ARG," "Hemimorphite," "Gastrolite," "Calcite," and "Compacts." These tables likely represent quantitative data or phase identification. ### Bottom Section: Potteries from Konar Sandal South - **XRD Patterns**: Similar to the top section, there are four XRD patterns displayed as line graphs. Each pattern is labeled with different sample identifiers (e.g., Ks.2, Ks.3, Ks.4, Ks.5). - **X-Axis**: The x-axis is labeled "Position [2Theta] Copper (Cu)" and ranges from 0 to 60. - **Y-Axis**: The y-axis is labeled "Counts" and ranges from 0 to 2000. - **Peaks**: Various peaks are labeled with chemical elements such as Ms, Qz, Ab, An, Omp, Aug, Cal, Gh, Hem, En, and others, indicating the presence of different minerals or compounds. - **Tables Below Graphs**: Below each XRD pattern, there are tables with headers similar to those in the top section, including "Peakdrops + Peak List," "Quantize," "Schmide," "Alabaster," "Alabastrine," "Municode 32/TM/ARG," "Hemimorphite," "Gastrolite," "Calcite," and "Compacts." These tables likely represent quantitative data or phase identification. ### General Observations - **Comparative Analysis**: The image appears to be a comparative analysis of pottery samples from two different regions, Bampour and Konar Sandal South. - **Phase Identification**: The XRD patterns and accompanying tables are used to identify and quantify the phases present in the pottery samples. - **Scientific Data**: The image provides detailed scientific data on the mineralogical composition of the pottery samples from the two regions.

Figure 4 : XRD patterns of all analyzed samples from both regions and match phases concerning their best-preferred orientation according to the ICSD collection code. Figure 4 : Schémas XRD de tous les échantillons analysés dans les deux régions et phases correspondantes par rapport à leur meilleure orientation selon le code de collecte de l’ICSD.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Ternary diagram showing phase compositions of SiO2, Al2O3, and CaO+MgO with labeled points and color gradient.

The image displays a ternary diagram with three axes representing different compounds: SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide) at the top, Al2O3 (Aluminum Oxide) on the right, and CaO+MgO (Calcium Oxide plus Magnesium Oxide) on the left. The diagram is divided into a grid with various points marked and labeled. Key points and labels on the diagram include: - Diopsid at approximately (0.50, 0.00, 0.50) - Wollastonit near Diopsid - Anorthit around (0.50, 0.50, 0.00) - Gehlenit closer to Anorthit Dashed lines connect these points, indicating relationships or transitions between them. In the upper right corner, there is a smaller ternary diagram with a color gradient ranging from blue to red, representing different values. This smaller diagram is labeled with SiO2 at the top, CaO+MgO on the left, and Al2O3 on the right, similar to the larger diagram. The color gradient suggests varying intensities or concentrations of a particular property across the ternary field.

Figure 5 : Clustering of the results in the PCA diagram based on the similarities in the crystalline phase composition.Figure 5 : Regroupement des résultats dans le diagramme ACP sur la base des similitudes dans la composition de la phase cristalline.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Table listing chemical compositions of various samples, showing percentages of different oxides.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <p>SiO2</p> <p>AlzO;</p> <p>CaO</p> <p>Fe03</p> <p>KzO</p> <p>MgO</p> <p>MnO</p> <p>NazO</p> <h2>SAMPLE NAME 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05</h2> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>KSS 1</td> <td>53.43</td> <td>17.31</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>6.62</td> <td>7.92</td> <td>2.73</td> <td>4.78</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>3.24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>KSS 2</td> <td>61.07</td> <td>16.8</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>1.52</td> <td>7.55</td> <td>3.13</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>1.68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>KSS 3</td> <td>61.94</td> <td>17.49</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>1.41</td> <td>7.35</td> <td>3.45</td> <td>4.33</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>1.39</td> </tr> <tr> <td>KSS 4</td> <td>61.75</td> <td>17.06</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>2.01</td> <td>7.44</td> <td>2.87</td> <td>4.81</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>1.48</td> </tr> <tr> <td>KSS 5</td> <td>54.79</td> <td>16.87</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>6.54</td> <td>7.62</td> <td>2.49</td> <td>4.43</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>3.27</td> </tr> <tr> <td>KSS 6</td> <td>61.68</td> <td>17.11</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>1.36</td> <td>7.4</td> <td>3.39</td> <td>4.53</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>1.54</td> </tr> <tr> <td>KSS 7</td> <td>61.14</td> <td>17.17</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>2.01</td> <td>7.71</td> <td>3.32</td> <td>4.36</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>1.55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>KSS</td> <td>57.12</td> <td>17.63</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>6.35</td> <td>7.38</td> <td>2.78</td> <td>4.26</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>2.15</td> </tr> <tr> <td>KSS 9</td> <td></td> <td>16.64</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>7.31</td> <td>7.06</td> <td>2.52</td> <td>5</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>3.21</td> </tr> <tr> <td>KSS 10</td> <td>55.78</td> <td>13.55</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>7.47</td> <td>5.55</td> <td>2.18</td> <td>4.71</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>4.24</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>57.79</td> <td>18.48</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>4.51</td> <td>7.62</td> <td>5.53</td> <td>4.57</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>1.32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bp_2</td> <td>55.37</td> <td>16.26</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>5.18</td> <td>7.38</td> <td>2.56</td> <td>4.42</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>1.04</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bp 3</td> <td>58.64</td> <td>16.7</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>6.48</td> <td>7.41</td> <td>2.72</td> <td>4.44</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>1.76</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bp_4</td> <td>54.62</td> <td>15.68</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>9.23</td> <td>7.74</td> <td>2.49</td> <td>5.35</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>1.41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bp_5</td> <td>59.04</td> <td>15.68</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>5.75</td> <td>6.95</td> <td>2.49</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>2.53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bp_6</td> <td>56.37</td> <td>14.38</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>8.17</td> <td>6.1</td> <td>2.37</td> <td>4.43</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>2.17</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bp_7</td> <td>58.64</td> <td>15.93</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>6.92</td> <td>7.07</td> <td>2.62</td> <td>4.79</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>2.18</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bp_8</td> <td>59.83</td> <td>15.06</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>7.73</td> <td>6.45</td> <td></td> <td>4.45</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>1.84</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>56.49</td> <td>16.54</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>6.74</td> <td>7.52</td> <td>2.89</td> <td>4.71</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>1.76</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bp_10</td> <td>59.44</td> <td>14.98</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>5.58</td> <td>6.51</td> <td>2.52</td> <td>4.69</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>2.1</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Table 3 : Bulk chemical composition of pottery by XRF in w%.Tableau 3 : Composition chimique moyenne de la poterie par XRF en % massique.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Four microscopic images of sand samples, each showing different textures and inclusions.

The image consists of four distinct microscopic views labeled A, B, C, and D. Each view is marked with a scale bar indicating 200 micrometers for reference. - Image A: Displays a relatively uniform, dark background with a few noticeable inclusions. There are a couple of distinct, lighter-colored particles scattered across the field. - Image B: Shows a more varied texture with numerous small, bright inclusions dispersed throughout the darker matrix. The inclusions appear to be more numerous and varied in size compared to Image A. - Image C: Features a predominantly reddish-brown background with several inclusions of varying colors and sizes. The inclusions include lighter and darker particles, some of which are more prominently visible against the background. - Image D: Similar to Image C, this view also has a reddish-brown background with numerous inclusions. The inclusions are varied in color and size, with some appearing brighter and more reflective under the microscope. All images were captured in cross-polarized mode, highlighting the differences in the matrix and inclusions within the samples.

Figure 6 : Microscopic description and petrographs of the Kona Sandal South samples in terms of their matrix, manufacture and nature of inclusions. Figure 6 : Description microscopique et pétrographie des échantillons de Kona Sandal South en termes de matrice, de fabrication et de nature des additifs.

All images were taken in cross-polarized mode.Toutes les images ont été prises en polarisation croisée.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Microscopic image showing various inclusions in a red matrix, with scale bars indicating 200 µm.

Figure 7 : Microscopic description and petrographs of the Jiroft samples in terms of their matrix, production and type of inclusions.Figure 7 : Description microscopique et pétrographie des échantillons de Jiroft en termes de matrice, de production et de type d’additifs.

All images were taken in cross-polarized mode.Toutes les images ont été prises en polarisation croisée.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Carte géographique avec sites numérotés et légendes.

Cette image est une carte géographique détaillant la localisation de différents sites en France. La carte met en évidence sept sites spécifiques, chacun marqué par un numéro et un nom. Les sites sont les suivants : Grasse (06), Saint-Maximin-la Sainte-Baume (83), La Palud-sur-Verdon (83), Trest (13), Aix-en-Provence (13), Ollioules (83) et Cadarache (04). Chaque site est accompagné d'un nombre entre parenthèses indiquant probablement le nombre d'échantillons ou de données collectées. La carte inclut également une carte d'insertion dans le coin supérieur droit, montrant la localisation de la région principale dans le contexte de la France. Cette carte d'insertion est entourée d'un rectangle rouge pour souligner la zone d'intérêt. Les sites sont répartis dans une région qui semble être le sud-est de la France, près de la Méditerranée. La carte utilise des couleurs variées pour représenter différents types de terrain, avec des zones vertes indiquant des zones boisées ou montagneuses, et des zones bleues représentant l'eau, probablement la mer Méditerranée. La carte est orientée avec une boussole indiquant le nord, et une échelle est présente en bas à droite, montrant une distance de 50 km pour référence. Le nom de l'auteur ou de la source de la carte est crédité à C. Mathevot. Cette carte sert à localiser les différents sites étudiés dont les moyennes dendrochronologiques intègrent la chronologie de référence, ce qui est essentiel pour l'analyse des données dendrochronologiques.

Figure 1 : Localisation des différents sites étudiés dont les moyennes dendrochronologiques intègrent la chronologie de référence.Figure 1 : Location of different sites whose dendrochronological averages include the masterchronology.

1- Grasse (06) 2- Saint-Maximin-la -Sainte-beaume(83) 3- La-Palud-sur-verdon (83) 4- Trest (13) 5- Aix-en-Provence 6- Ollioules (83) 7- Cadarache (04)

C. Mathevot

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Homme utilisant une tarière sur une poutre en bois sec dans un bâtiment.

Figure 2 : Prélèvement à la tarière à bois sec sur une poutre de l’ilot Ste Marthe, Grasse.Figure 2 : Dry wood drill sample taken from a beam in the Ste Marthe building in Grasse.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Tableau avec résultats de corrélations pour l’îlot Sainte-Marthe sur différents référentiels chronologiques.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Îlot Sainte-Marthe- 1</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Période couverte</th> <th>tde Student</th> <th>Probabilité/sécurité</th> <th>corr1</th> <th>corr2</th> <th>Recouvrement</th> <th>Chronologie</th> <th>Référenciel</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4.86</td> <td>0.999951</td> <td>0.36</td> <td>0.36</td> <td>140</td> <td></td> <td>AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1349-1490</td> <td>4.39</td> <td>0.999918</td> <td>0.38</td> <td></td> <td>79</td> <td>Dijon. TPign-GL16</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4.32</td> <td>0.999917</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>140</td> <td>Angoul-20051103</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Sainte-Marthe- 1 bis Îlot</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3.72</td> <td>0.99969</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>125</td> <td></td> <td>AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1338-1555</td> <td>3.61</td> <td>0.98718</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>156</td> <td>Sens.cath-LCEtr</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3.41</td> <td>0.99531</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.22</td> <td>213</td> <td>Angoul-20051103</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Îlot Sainte-Marthe- 2</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4.67</td> <td>0.999939</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>0.35</td> <td>128</td> <td>Cahors Domi-RFGO1</td> <td>AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1203-1555</td> <td>4.51</td> <td>0.999932</td> <td>0.32</td> <td></td> <td>174</td> <td>Cahors-ULgO2</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4.38</td> <td>0.99992</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>108</td> <td>Cahors DelXV-CDOO</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Tableau 1 : Résultat des corrélations de l’îlot Sainte-Marthe sur le référentiel AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012. Table 1 : Correlation results for Sainte-Marthe average on the AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012 masterchronology.

Les meilleurs résultats de synchronisation sont donnés sur le référentiel, ou à défaut sur les trois premières chronologies composantes de AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012, sur laquelle la moyenne Ste Marthe répond. The best synchronisation results are given for the masterchronology, or otherwise for the first three component chronologies of AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012, to which the Ste Marthe average responds.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Tableau de corrélation intra-sites avec chronologie et références.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Ilot Moulinet Période couverte</th> <th>t de Student</th> <th>Probabilitél sécurité</th> <th>corr 1</th> <th>corr2</th> <th>Recouvrement</th> <th>Chronologie</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>13.02</th> <th>0.999995</th> <td></td> <th>0.56</th> <th>264</th> <td></td> <th colspan="2">AA-SteMarthe-06Qu-SW-161123</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>4.25</th> <th>0.999917</th> <th>0.32</th> <th>0.27</th> <th>188</th> <th>Molompize CV-CDOO</th> <th colspan="2">AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012_1</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>3.74</th> <th>0.999747</th> <th>0.27</th> <th>0.24</th> <th>205</th> <th>Beaune HD-09</th> <th colspan="2">1273-1538</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.99937</th> <th>0.39</th> <th>0.22</th> <th>125</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>3.34</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>Cahors Domi-RFGO1</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Îlot Rêve-Vieille</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Période couverte</th> <th>tde Student 11.2</th> <th>Probabilitél sécurité 0.999995</th> <th>cort 1 0.64</th> <th>cort2 0.61</th> <th>Recouvrement 127</th> <th>Chronologie</th> <th colspan="2">AA-SteMarthe-06Qu-SW-161123_1 AA-MOULINET_sw051223</th> </tr> <tr> <th>1326-1532</th> <th>3.38</th> <th>0.999452</th> <th>0.37</th> <th>0.28</th> <th>100</th> <th>Lemere Riv-LCEO8b Presilly FCh-GLO8</th> <th colspan="2">AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>3.3</th> <th>0.999264</th> <th>0.31 0.36</th> <th>0.29 0.2</th> <th>103 79</th> <th>Calmont. B-CDOO</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>2.85</th> <th>0.996524</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Îlot Goby</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <th>Probabilitél sécurité</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>Chronologie</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Période couverte</th> <th>t de Student 11.8</th> <th>0.999995</th> <th>corr 1 0.6</th> <th>corr2</th> <th>Recouvrement 167</th> <td></td> <th colspan="2">1345</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>9.85 5.96 3.25</th> <th>0.999995 0.999985 0.999205</th> <th>0.56 0.36 0.3</th> <th>0.53 0.41</th> <th>167 167</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.2</th> <th>167</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Période couverte</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>tde Student</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>1332</th> <th>3.58</th> <th>0.999993 0.999994</th> <th>0.44 0.44 0.4</th> <th>0.46 0.49 0.46 0.45</th> <th>170 170 168 138</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Îlot Médiathèque</th> <th>7.46 7.9</th> <th>0.999991</th> <th>0.44</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>6.65</th> <th>0.999631</th> <th>0.31</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.23</th> <th>170</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>Molompize.CV-CDOO</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>Chronologie</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Période couverte</th> <th>tde Student</th> <th>Probabilitél sécurité</th> <th>corr 1</th> <th>0.26</th> <th>241</th> <th>RV4O1m</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>4.52 8.13</th> <th>0.999937</th> <th>0.27 0.4</th> <th>0.57</th> <th>84</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.999995 0.999995</th> <th>0.69</th> <td></td> <td></td> <th>RV24m</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>8.94 8.26</th> <td></td> <th>0.54</th> <th>0.61</th> <th>95</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.999995</th> <td></td> <th>0.53</th> <th>111</th> <th>RV402_7</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>8.16</th> <th>0.999994</th> <th>0.43</th> <th>0.36</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>5.81 4.92</th> <th>0.99998</th> <td></td> <th>0.36</th> <th>167</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.999999</th> <th>0.3</th> <td></td> <th>170</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>3.67</th> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.32</th> <th>101</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.999661</th> <th>0.36 0.29</th> <th>0.24</th> <th>125</th> <th>Cahors.Domi-RFGO1</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.998117</th> <th>0.21</th> <td></td> <td></td> <th>Sens.LCEts2b</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Îlot Placette</th> <th>2.86</th> <th>0.996674</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.27</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>119</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th colspan="2">Période couverte 1362</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>tde Student 7.64 6.65</th> <th>Probabilitélsécurité 0.999991</th> <th>corr 1 0.54 0.45</th> <th>corr2 0.4 0.4 0.32 0.36</th> <th>Recouvrement 188 171 165</th> <th>Chronologie</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>4.8 5.13</th> <th>0.99995 0.999959</th> <th>0.36 0.39 0.46</th> <td></td> <th>146</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>6.18</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.999989</th> <td></td> <td></td> <th>136</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.41</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>8.24</th> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.6</th> <th>88</th> <th>Q207OCN</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>8.2</th> <th>0.999994 0.999994</th> <th>0.55 0.53</th> <th>0.68</th> <th>62</th> <th>Q1103CN</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>5.41 9.66</th> <th>0.999965</th> <th>0.43</th> <th>0.47 0.57</th> <th>87</th> <th>IP2004QU</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>8.86 8.82</th> <th>0.999995</th> <th>0.48</th> <td></td> <th>113</th> <th>1P3104QU</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.999995</th> <th>0.54</th> <td></td> <th>102</th> <th>1P3106QU</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>3.5</th> <th>0.99956</th> <th>0.28</th> <th>0.32</th> <th>107</th> <th>Cahors DelXV-CDOO</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>3.21</th> <th>0.999133</th> <td></td> <td></td> <th>168</th> <th>Nolay.Halles-GL12</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>3.05</th> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.24</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <th>0.997806</th> <th>0.42</th> <td></td> <th>66</th> <th>CapdenacXV-RFGO1</th> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th colspan="4">0.33</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th colspan="5">0.22</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th colspan="3">AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012_ 1</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>3.06</th> <th>0.999995</th> <th>0.59</th> <th>0.46</th> <th colspan="4">0.63 105 0.61</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>1530</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Îlot Charles-Nègre</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th colspan="4">corr2 Recouvrement</th> </tr> <tr> <th>1285</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>7</th> <th>0.999992</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th colspan="3">AA-Gobyo6Qu-SW-YL-161123 AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Tableau 2 : Résultats des corrélations intra-sites grassois sur le référentiel AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012. Les résultats sont présentés en respectant la chronologie des chantiers, ce qui permet de suivre l’étoffement de la moyenne initiale par les autres îlots grassois. Table 2: Correlation results for sites located in Grasse and for the AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012 database. The results are presented in chronological order, so that you can see how the initial average has been expanded by the other buildings in Grasse.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Tableau de corrélation entre différents sites et chronologies de référence avec des données statistiques.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Guègues Période couverte</th> <th>t de Student</th> <th>Probabilitélsécurité</th> <th>COII 1</th> <th>COrI2</th> <th>Recouvrement</th> <th>Chronologie</th> <th>Référenciel</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>7.6</td> <td>0.999994</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>0.41</td> <td>252</td> <td></td> <td>AA-SteMarthe-06Qu-SW-161123</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>5.31</td> <td>0.999968</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>235</td> <td></td> <td>AA-MOULINET_sw051223</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4.04</td> <td>0.999905</td> <td>0.28</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>95</td> <td>RV24m</td> <td>AA-ReveVieille-06Qu-SW-161123</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3.84</td> <td>0.999905</td> <td>0.24</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>1ll</td> <td>RVPSm</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4.73</td> <td>0.999946</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>167</td> <td></td> <td>AA-Goby06Qu-SW-YL-161123</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3.21</td> <td>0.999998</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>0.21</td> <td>170</td> <td></td> <td>AA-mediathequeQu-06-23</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4.37</td> <td>0.99992</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>142</td> <td>IN4080Q</td> <td>AA-Charles-negre06-Qu-SW-161123</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1302-1674</td> <td>4.29</td> <td>0.999915</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>155</td> <td>IN2230Q</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4.23</td> <td>0.999909</td> <td>0.36</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>88</td> <td>Q2070CN</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4.23</td> <td>0.99991</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>102</td> <td>IP3106QU</td> <td>AA-Placette-06Qu-SW161123</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3.92</td> <td>0.999784</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>74</td> <td>IP3004QU</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>2.86</td> <td>0.99663</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>0.26</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3.24</td> <td>0.999139</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>128</td> <td>Autun.m7-GLI1</td> <td>AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012_1</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3.06</td> <td>0.998095</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>102</td> <td>Pithiv SGSL-GLO5</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>2.94</td> <td>0.997294</td> <td>0.21</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>129</td> <td>Dijon. GLI6 TPign-C</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Saint-Maximin</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Période couverte</td> <td>t de Student</td> <td>Probabilitélsécurité</td> <td>corr 1</td> <td>COII2</td> <td>Recouvrement</td> <td>Chronologie</td> <td>Référenciel</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3.36</td> <td>0.999334</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>72</td> <td></td> <td>AA-Grasse-SW-20230101</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1380-1453</td> <td>2.97</td> <td>0.999998</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>72</td> <td>Maizeray-GL21</td> <td>AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012_1</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>2.89</td> <td>0.999998</td> <td>0.39</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>72</td> <td>Halles-GLI2 Nolay )</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>2.32</td> <td>0.999998</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>60</td> <td>Riom MdC-CDOO</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Trets</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Période couverte</td> <td>t de Student</td> <td>Probabilitélsécurité</td> <td>COII 1</td> <td>COII2</td> <td>Recouvrement</td> <td>Chronologie</td> <td>Référenciel</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1368-1478</td> <td>3.64</td> <td>0.999641</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>109</td> <td></td> <td>AA-Grasse-SW-20230101</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>2.43</td> <td>0.98701</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>77</td> <td>Meaux.ca-CPO4</td> <td>AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012 1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Les 2 Garçons</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Période couverte</td> <td>t de Student</td> <td>Probabilitélsécurité</td> <td>COII 1</td> <td>COII2</td> <td>Recouvrement</td> <td>Chronologie</td> <td>Référenciel</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1437-1512</td> <td>3.28</td> <td>0.999158</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>74</td> <td></td> <td>AA-Grasse-SW-20230101</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td>AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012 1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Maison du Patrimoine</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Période couverte</td> <td>t de Student</td> <td>Probabilitélsécurité</td> <td>COII 1</td> <td>COrI2</td> <td>Recouvrement</td> <td>Chronologie</td> <td>Référenciel</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3.7</td> <td>0.999588</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>0.47</td> <td>44</td> <td>MOSORINII</td> <td>AA-Grasse-SW-20230101</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3.14</td> <td>0.998068</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>0.41</td> <td>47</td> <td>IP3108QU</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1380-1430</td> <td>2.69</td> <td>0.994827</td> <td>0.22</td> <td>0.43</td> <td>44</td> <td>gobyl2</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4.13</td> <td>0.999832</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.52</td> <td>47</td> <td></td> <td>AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012 1</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Tableau 3 : Résultat des corrélations des sites de la région PACA sur les sites Grassois et sur le référentiel AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012. Table 3: Results of correlations between sites in the PACA region and sites in Grasse and the AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012 database.

Lorsque la corrélation entre un site et la chronologie de référence n’est pas suffisamment significative, ce sont les réponses sur les chronologies individuelles (aux mêmes dates) qui sont retenues. Dans les tableaux, seuls les trois meilleurs résultats sont présentés. When the correlation between a site and the reference chronology is not sufficiently significant, the responses on the individual chronologies (on the same dates) are used. In these tables, only the three best results are presented.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Tableau des résultats de datation carbone 14 pour divers échantillons de bois, incluant identification, chimie, résultats bruts et calibrés.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <th colspan="3">identification</th> <th colspan="3">résultats brut</th> <td></td> <td></td> <th>donnécs traitées [3] [4]</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Taxon</th> <th>identification échantillon</th> <th>nature</th> <th>nuiméro chimie</th> <th>numéro mesure</th> <th>Fl4C</th> <th>+</th> <th>intervalle de dates en ADIBC</th> <th>intervalle de dates en ADIBC [95.4% de probabilité]</th> <th>année du dernier cerne (95.49 de_probabilité)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Charme</td> <td>3027 dernier cerne</td> <td>bois</td> <td>GifA21417</td> <td>ECHo-4413</td> <td>0,9792</td> <td>0,0026</td> <td>1670AD (12.3%) 1687AD 1730AD (36.0%) 1779AD 1798AD 5.7%) 1806AD 1926AD (14.2%) 1945AD</td> <td>1664AD (17.6%) 1695AD 1724AD (41.2%) 1785AD 1792AD 9.9%) 1813AD 1838AD 6.0%) 1878AD 1915AD (20.8%)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Erable</td> <td>3172 dernier cerne</td> <td>bois</td> <td>GifA21418</td> <td></td> <td>0,9595</td> <td>0,0026</td> <td>1550AD (35.5%) 1599AD 1615AD (13.4%) 1634AD</td> <td>1488AD (95.4%) 1638AD</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peuplier</td> <td>4074 C13</td> <td>bois</td> <td>GifA21419</td> <td>ECHo-4415</td> <td>0,9792</td> <td>0,0026</td> <td>167OAD (12.3%) 1687AD 1798AD 1926AD (14.2%) 1945AD</td> <td>1724AD (41.2%) 1785AD 1792AD 9.9%) 1813AD 1838AD 6.0%) 1878AD 1915AD (20.8%)</td> <td rowspan="2">1664AD ( 7.9%) 1683AD 1760AD (68.0%) 1798AD 1936AD ( 7.3%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peuplier</td> <td>4074 C21</td> <td>bois</td> <td>GifA21420</td> <td>ECHo-4416</td> <td>0,9736</td> <td>0,0020</td> <td>1656AD (28.4%) 1670AD 1780AD (39.9%) 1798AD</td> <td>1646AD (38.2%) 1680AD 1740AD 4.5%) 1753AD 1762AD (50.9%) 18O0AD 1940AD 1.8%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Orme</td> <td>4091 C27</td> <td>bois</td> <td>GifA21421</td> <td>ECHo-4417</td> <td>0,9764</td> <td>0,0027</td> <td>1656AD (22.2%) 1676AD 1742AD 6.4%) 1750AD 1764AD (39.7%) 1799AD</td> <td>16SOAD (29.4%) 1684AD 1734AD (57.2%) 1804AD 1928AD 8.8%)</td> <td rowspan="2">1659AD (29.8%) 1686AD 1738AD (58.7%) 18O4AD 1938AD ( 7.0%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Orme</td> <td>4091 C32</td> <td>bois</td> <td>GifA21422</td> <td>ECHo-4418</td> <td>0,9746</td> <td>0,0027</td> <td>1657AD (22.1%) 1688AD 1730AD (58.4%) 1808AD 1924AD (15.0%)</td> <td>1664AD (18.0%) 1680AD 1739AD (14.0%) 1753AD 1762AD (25.1 1786AD 1793AD 4.6%) 1945AD %)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cyprès</td> <td>10130 C16</td> <td>bois</td> <td>GifA21423</td> <td>ECHo-4419</td> <td>0,9770</td> <td>0,0026</td> <td>1665AD (15.3%) 1682AD 1736AD (15.7%) 1755AD 1760AD (21.6%) 1784AD 1794AD 5.8%) 1802AD 1936AD 9.89)</td> <td>1728AD (57.9%) 1808AD I922AD (16.8%)</td> <td rowspan="2">1658AD (16.9%) 1682AD 1740AD 8.5%) 1754AD 1762AD (65.2%) 1801AD 1939AD 4.9%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cyprès</td> <td>10130 C22</td> <td>bois</td> <td>GifA21424</td> <td>ECHo-4420</td> <td>0,9726</td> <td>0,0026</td> <td>1648AD (35.9%) 1670AD 1780AD (32.4%) 1798AD</td> <td>1642AD (45.1%) 1680AD 1740AD 4.5%) 1753AD 1762AD (43.8%) 18OOAD 1939AD 2.2%)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Tableau 4 : Tableau des résultats de datation carbone 14 pour les essences de bois autre que le chêne, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE). Tableau 4 : Carbon 14 dating results table, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE).

[1] ces colonnes renseignent sur la chimie, sur le mode de conversion de l’échantillon en CO2 (et, si nécessaire, en Cgraphite) et sur le mode d’introduction. [2] instrument et mode d’introduction : [a] AGE3 + ECHo-source solide, [b] EA-GIS source ECHo-gaz, [c] craking-GIS source ECHo-gaz. [3] courbe d’étalonnage : IntCal20 (Reimer et al. 2020), logiciel : OxCal4.4 (Bronk Ramsey 2009). [4] modélisation de l’âge en tenant compte des contraintes externes

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Graphique de synchronisation des moyennes de chênes à feuilles caduques pour la région Sud-Est de la France.

L'image montre un graphique scientifique avec plusieurs lignes et zones colorées. Le graphique est intitulé "AA-Quercus-SW2023 (1255-1631)" et "AA-Quercus-SW2023 (1631-1631) [cm]". L'axe des x représente les années allant de 1255 à 1631, tandis que l'axe des y semble représenter des valeurs quantitatives. Plusieurs zones sont mises en évidence avec des couleurs différentes : orange, verte, rouge, et jaune. La zone orangée compile les moyennes les unes après les autres, c'est donc entre 1370 et 1480 que cette moyenne est la plus forte. Le graphique inclut également une légende en bas, expliquant les différentes couleurs et leurs significations. Les moyennes de chêne à feuilles caduques composant la chronologie de références pour la région Sud-Est de la France sont synchronisées.

Figure 3 : Synchronisation de toutes les moyennes de chêne à feuilles caduques composant la chronologie de références pour la région Sud-Est. Figure 3: All deciduous oak averages making up the master chronology for the South-East of France are synchronised.

La zone orangée compile les moyennes les unes aux autres, c’est donc entre 1370 et 1480 que cette moyenne est la plus forte. The orange zone compiles the averages one after the other, so it is between 1370 and 1480 that this average is the strongest.

Figure

L'image représente une matrice de corrélation intitulée "AA-Quercus-SW2023 - MATRICE de COULEURS : CORRID PROBA t : 14 - 14 Éléments". La matrice est datée du jeudi 24 octobre 2024 à 11:50:28 +0200. La matrice est divisée en deux sections principales : une légende à gauche et une grille de corrélation à droite. La légende, située sur le côté gauche, contient des valeurs de corrélation allant de 0,98 à 0,99999. Ces valeurs sont associées à des identifiants tels que "AA-Grasse-SW-20230101" et "AA-MOULINET_sw051223". La grille de corrélation à droite est une matrice carrée de 14x14 éléments. Chaque case de la matrice est colorée en nuances de gris, allant du blanc clair (faible corrélation) au noir foncé (forte corrélation). Les nuances de gris indiquent la force des relations statistiques entre les différentes moyennes. Les cases plus foncées montrent une forte relation, tandis que les cases plus claires montrent une relation plus faible. Les identifiants des lignes et des colonnes correspondent à des milieux de croissance similaires ou proches, comme indiqué dans la légende. Les relations statistiques entre ces milieux sont représentées par les différentes nuances de gris dans la matrice.

Figure 4 : Matrice de corrélation représentant les relations statistiques entre les différentes moyennes. Plus les cases sont foncées, plus la relation est forte. Figure 4: The statistical relationships between the different averages are illustrated in the correlation matrix. Darker boxes indicate stronger relationships.

Ces affinités correspondent à des milieux de croissance similaires ou proches. These affinities correspond to similar or close growth environments.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Tableau avec résultats de synchronisation de moyennes pour AA-Quercus-SW2023 et AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012.

<div> <body> <div class="page"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>AA-Quercus-SW2023</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Période couverte</th> <th>tde Student</th> <th>Probabilitélsécurité</th> <th>corr1</th> <th>corr2</th> <th>Recouvrement Chronologie</th> <th>Référenciel</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>4.77</th> <td></td> <td>0.38</td> <td></td> <td>128 Cahors Domi-RFGO1</td> <td>AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012 1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1255-1631</th> <th>4.65</th> <td>0.999941</td> <td>0.3</td> <td></td> <td>174 Cahors-ULgO2</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>4.35</th> <td>0.999918</td> <td>0.36</td> <td></td> <td>122 Beauregard-CDOO</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">AA-Quercus-SW2023+Cadarache</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Période couverte</th> <th>tde Student</th> <td>Probabilitélsécurité</td> <td>corr1</td> <td>corr2</td> <td>Recouvrement Chronologie</td> <td>Référenciel</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>4.53</th> <td>0.99993</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>128 Cahors Domi-RFGO1</td> <td>AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012 1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1203-2007</th> <th>3.91</th> <td>0.999833</td> <td>0.28</td> <td>0.28</td> <td>174 Cahors-ULgO2</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <th>3.72</th> <td>0.999724</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>184 Molompize. CV-CDOO</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </div>

Tableau 5 : Résultat des synchronisations de la moyenne AA-Quercus-SW2023 sur AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012 ; puis des moyennes AA-Quercus-SW2023 prolongées par celle de Cadarache (CADQ-chrn) sur AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012. Table 5: Synchronisation results for the AA-Quercus-SW2023 average on AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012; then the AA-Quercus-SW2023 averages extended by the Cadarache average (CADQ-chrn) on AA-historicOaks-LCE-CD-2012.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Spectral absorbance of bone at various temperatures, crystallinity index calculation.

The image consists of two graphs labeled as "a" and "b." Both graphs plot absorbance against wavenumber (cm^-1). Graph "a" displays multiple spectral lines representing the absorbance of bone samples heated at different temperatures ranging from 100°C to 800°C. The x-axis represents the wavenumber from 2000 cm^-1 to 400 cm^-1, and the y-axis represents absorbance. Key absorbance peaks are labeled, indicating various molecular vibrations such as Amide I, Amide II, Amide III, Carbonates, Phosphates (v1, v3, v4), and Hydroxyl groups. Each spectral line shows how these absorbance features change with increasing temperature. Graph "b" illustrates a procedure for calculating the crystallinity index (IRSF) of bone samples. The x-axis represents the wavenumber from 700 cm^-1 to 350 cm^-1, and the y-axis represents absorbance. The graph highlights specific absorbance peaks labeled "a," "b," and "c," which are used to calculate the crystallinity index using the formula SF = (a + b) / c. Overall, the image depicts how bone composition changes with heat treatment and provides a method for assessing bone crystallinity through infrared spectroscopy.

Figure 1: a) Spectral modifications of an experimentally heated bone (100–800 °C; Lebon, et al. (2010b)); b) Crystallinity index (IRSF) calculation procedure following(Weiner & Bar-Yosef, 1990)Figure 1 : a) Modifications spectrales pour des ossements chauffés expérimentalement (100–800 °C; Lebon et al. ; b) procédure de calcul de l’indice de cristallinité (IR-SF) (Weiner & Bar-Yosef, 1990).

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Spectra and graphs showing bone analysis via ATR-FTIR, including raw spectra, normalized spectra, and crystallinity indices.

The image consists of three main parts labeled a, b, and c, each depicting different types of data visualizations related to bone analysis using ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). a) The first part (top left) shows a series of spectral graphs with absorbance on the y-axis and wavenumber (cm^-1) on the x-axis. Multiple colored lines represent raw spectra of bone samples acquired by increasing the anvil pressure on the ATR-FTIR accessory. The spectra display several peaks, with prominent ones around 1000 cm^-1 and 600 cm^-1. b) The second part (top right) presents another set of spectral graphs, also with absorbance on the y-axis and wavenumber (cm^-1) on the x-axis. These spectra have been normalized to the ν3 PO4 band around 1015 cm^-1. The normalized spectra show clearer and more consistent peak patterns compared to the raw spectra, with notable peaks around 1000 cm^-1, 600 cm^-1, and 1600 cm^-1. c) The third part (bottom) consists of three scatter plots, each showing a relationship between different variables. The x-axis of all three plots is labeled "PO4," while the y-axes are labeled "Splitting Factor," "CO3/PO4," and "Amide I/PO4," respectively. Each plot shows a positive correlation between the variables, indicating that as the PO4 value increases, the Splitting Factor, CO3/PO4 ratio, and Amide I/PO4 ratio also increase. Overall, the image provides a detailed analysis of bone samples under varying conditions, highlighting changes in spectral data and crystallinity indices with increasing anvil pressure on the ATR-FTIR accessory.

Figure 2: a) Raw spectra of bone acquired by increasing the anvil pressure on ATR-FTIR accessory. b) ATR-FTIR spectra after normalization of the absorbance to the 3 PO4 band around 1015 cm-1. c) Evolution of the crystallinity index (IRSF), CO3/PO4 ratio, and Amide I/PO4 ratio according to modification of the anvil pressure on the ATR-FTIR accessory.Figure 2 : a) Spectre brut d’ossement acquis à des pressions croissantes sur l’accessoire ATR-FTIR. b) Spectres après normalisation des absorbances par rapport à l’intensité de la bande3 PO4 autour de 1015 cm-1. c) évolution de l’indice de cristallinité, du rapport CO3/PO4, et du rapport Amide I/PO4 en fonction des modifications de la pression sur l’accessoire ATR-FTIR.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Graph showing Amide I/PO4 vs. N content; bone samples with sampling points indicated.

The image consists of two parts labeled as "a)" and "b)". Part "a)" is a graph with the x-axis labeled "N content (wt%)" ranging from 0 to 4, and the y-axis labeled "Amide I / PO4" ranging from 0 to 0.20. The graph shows a series of data points with error bars, indicating the relationship between nitrogen content and the Amide I/PO4 ratio. The data points generally increase as the nitrogen content increases, suggesting a positive correlation. Part "b)" contains two images of archaeological human teeth. The top image shows a section of a tooth with two labeled areas for "Sampling for ATR-FTIR analysis." The bottom image also shows a tooth with a similar label. Both images include a scale bar indicating a length of 1 cm for reference. The labels highlight specific areas on the teeth where sampling for ATR-FTIR analysis was conducted.

Figure 3: a) FTIR spectroscopy evaluation of collagen content (Amide I/PO4) compared to nitrogen content in archaeological bones (spectral intensity was controlled during acquisition by adjusting the anvil pressure of the ATR-FTIR accessory ; (Lebon, et al., 2016b)). b) Impact of sampling for FTIR spectroscopy evaluation of collagen content on archaeological human tooth.Figure 3 : a) Évaluation de la teneur en collagène par spectrométrie IT-RF (Amide I/PO4) comparé à la teneur en azote dans des ossements archéologiques (l’intensité des spectres est contrôlée en ajustant la pression de l’accessoire ATR sur l’échantillon pendant la mesure; (Lebon, et al., 2016b)). b) Impact sur une dent humaine archéologique d’un échantillonnage pour l’évaluation de la teneur en collagène par spectrométrie IR-TF.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Graph comparing FTIR spectra of archaeological guano sample and references: carbonate apatite, gypsum, chitin.

The image displays a comparative infrared spectroscopy graph, illustrating the absorbance units against the wavenumber (cm^-1) for different samples. The graph includes four distinct spectra: 1. **Sample-53**: This spectrum is positioned at the top and shows a series of peaks and troughs across the wavenumber range from 4000 to 500 cm^-1. Notable peaks are observed around 3400 cm^-1, 1600 cm^-1, and several smaller peaks between 1000 and 1500 cm^-1. 2. **Chitine-MNHN-200128**: This spectrum is the second from the top. It exhibits peaks at similar wavenumbers to Sample-53 but with different intensities and slight shifts in position. Significant peaks are noted around 3400 cm^-1, 1650 cm^-1, and multiple peaks between 1000 and 1500 cm^-1. 3. **Gypsum MNHN-140023**: The third spectrum from the top, representing gypsum, shows distinct peaks at various wavenumbers. Notable peaks are observed around 3500 cm^-1, 1600 cm^-1, and several peaks between 1000 and 1500 cm^-1. 4. **Carbonate apatite MNHN-200204**: The bottom spectrum, representing carbonate apatite, displays a unique set of peaks. Significant peaks are noted around 3400 cm^-1, 1600 cm^-1, and multiple peaks between 1000 and 1500 cm^-1. The x-axis represents the wavenumber in cm^-1, ranging from 4000 to 500 cm^-1, while the y-axis represents the absorbance units. The spectra are vertically offset for clarity, allowing for easy comparison of the absorbance patterns among the different samples.

Figure 4: Sample of well-preserved archaeological guano (Sample-53; Tabon Cave,Philippines; ) compared with references of carbonate apatite (MNHN-ATR-FTIR-200204), gypsum (MNHN-ATR-FTIR-140023), and chitin (MNHN-ATR-FTIR-200128).Figure 4 : Échantillon de guano archéologique bien préservés (Échantillon 53, grotte de Tabon, Philippines) comparés à des références spectrales d’apatites carbonatées (MNHN-ATR-FTIR-200204), de gypse (MNHN-ATR-FTIR-140023), et de chitine (MNHN-ATR-FTIR-200128).

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Graph showing absorbance vs. wavenumber for different samples.

The image displays a series of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra comparing different samples. The x-axis represents the wavenumber in cm⁻¹, ranging from 4000 to 500 cm⁻¹. The y-axis represents absorbance units. There are four spectra shown in the image: 1. The top spectrum is labeled "Altered fossil guano sample-27." 2. The second spectrum from the top is labeled "Altered fossil guano sample-45." 3. The third spectrum is labeled "Biogenic amorphous silica (MNHN230002)." 4. The bottom spectrum is labeled "Variscite (MNHN100222)." Key absorbance peaks are marked with dashed vertical lines and labeled with mineral names such as "Variscite," "Opal," and "Variscite" again. The spectra show distinct absorbance patterns for each sample, indicating differences in their chemical compositions. The altered fossil guano samples exhibit peaks that are somewhat similar to those of biogenic amorphous silica and variscite, but with notable variations. The biogenic amorphous silica and variscite spectra have unique absorbance features that differentiate them from the fossil guano samples.

Figure 5: Sample of alterated fossil guano (Sample-27 and 45; Tabon Cave, Philippines) compared to amorphous silica (Biogenic amorphous silica MNHN-ATR-FTIR-230002) and variscite (MNHN-ATR-FTIR-100222).Figure 5 : Echantillon de guano fossile altéré (Echantillons 27 et 45, grotte de Tabon, Philippines ; Choa 2018) comparé à des références spectrales de silice amorphe (silice amorphe biogénique MNHN-ATR-FTIR-230002) et de variscite (MNHN-ATR-FTIR-100222).

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Spectral graphs showing kaolinite and montmorillonite changes at various temperatures.

The image displays two sets of infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra for kaolinite and montmorillonite heated at various temperatures ranging from 250°C to 850°C. The spectra are plotted with absorbance units on the y-axis and wavenumber (cm^-1) on the x-axis, spanning from 4000 to 500 cm^-1. On the left side, the spectra for kaolinite are shown. The temperature increases from 250°C at the bottom to 850°C at the top. Key features include the Al2OH band around 3600 cm^-1 and the Si-O/Al-O bands between 1000 and 500 cm^-1. As the temperature increases, notable changes occur in the spectra, particularly around 500-550°C, indicating the collapse of the kaolinite crystalline structure. On the right side, the spectra for montmorillonite are displayed. Similar to kaolinite, the temperature increases from 250°C at the bottom to 850°C at the top. Key features include the Al2OH band around 3600 cm^-1, H2O bands around 3400 cm^-1, and Si-O/Al-O bands between 1000 and 500 cm^-1. Significant changes are observed around 750-850°C, indicating the collapse of the montmorillonite crystalline structure. Overall, the image illustrates how the infrared spectral features of kaolinite and montmorillonite evolve with increasing temperature, highlighting the thermal stability and structural changes of these minerals.

Figure 6: Evolution of kaolinite (MNHN-200140 to MNHN-200149) and montmorillonite (MNHN-200150 to MNHN-200159) ATR-FTIR spectral features induced by heating from 250 to 850°C. The collapse of kaolinite (between 500 and 550°C) and montmorillonite (between 750 and 850°C) crystalline structures induced a loss of all bands of the crystalline network.Figure 6 : Évolution des caractéristiques spectrales de la kaolinite (MNHN-200140 to MNHN-200149), et de la montmorillonite (MNHN-200150 to MNHN-200159) chauffé de 250 à 850°C. L’effondrement de la structure cristalline de la kaolinite (entre 500 et 55°C) et de la montmorillonite (entre 750 et 850°C) induit une disparition des bandes caractéristiques de leur réseau cristallin.

Figure

Image description generated by AI: Four graphs showing absorbance and position changes in kaolinite and montmorillonite with temperature.

The image consists of four graphs arranged in a 2x2 grid, each depicting the effects of heating on different properties of kaolinite and montmorillonite. Top-left graph: - Title: "Kaolinite - OH-Al" - X-axis: Temperature (°C) ranging from 200 to 1000 - Y-axis: FTIR-ATR Absorbance ranging from 0 to 18 - Data points show a high absorbance at lower temperatures, which decreases significantly as temperature increases. Top-right graph: - Title: "Montmorillonite - OH-Al" - X-axis: Temperature (°C) ranging from 200 to 1200 - Y-axis: FTIR-ATR Absorbance ranging from 0 to 0.07 - Data points indicate a high absorbance at lower temperatures, which decreases as temperature increases. Bottom-left graph: - Title: "Kaolinite - Si-O/Al-O" - X-axis: Temperature (°C) ranging from 200 to 1200 - Y-axis: Si-O/Al-O position (cm^-1) ranging from 990 to 1060 - Data points show a position around 1000 cm^-1 at lower temperatures, increasing steadily as temperature rises. Bottom-right graph: - Title: "Montmorillonite - Si-O/Al-O" - X-axis: Temperature (°C) ranging from 200 to 1200 - Y-axis: Si-O/Al-O position (cm^-1) ranging from 990 to 1060 - Data points indicate a position around 1000 cm^-1 at lower temperatures, increasing steadily as temperature rises.

Figure 7: Evolution for kaolinite and montmorillonite absorbance of the OH-Al band and the position of the Si-O/Si-Al band induced by heating.Figure 7 : Evolution de l’absorbance de la bande OH-Al et de la position de la bande Si-O/Si-Al induite par la chauffe pour la kaolinite et la montmorillonite.

Figure

The image displays a series of ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared) spectra for various samples. The x-axis represents the wavenumber in cm⁻¹, ranging from 4000 to 500 cm⁻¹. The y-axis indicates absorbance levels. Four spectra are shown, each labeled with different sample identifiers: 1. Clay figurine 17 (MNHN-240013) 2. Clay figurine 16 (MNHN-240012) 3. Clay figurine 5 (MNHN-240005) 4. Cave sediment (MNHN-240018) Key absorbance regions are highlighted with vertical dashed lines and labeled with corresponding chemical bonds or compounds: - Kaolinite (OH) and smectite + kaolinite (OH) around 3600-3400 cm⁻¹ - H₂O around 1600 cm⁻¹ - Calcite around 1450-1400 cm⁻¹ - γ Si-O/Al-O around 1000-900 cm⁻¹ - Al₂OH around 900-800 cm⁻¹ - Quartz around 700-600 cm⁻¹ Each spectrum shows distinct peaks corresponding to these regions, indicating the presence of various minerals and compounds in the samples. The spectra for the clay figurines and the cave sediment exhibit differences in peak intensity and position, suggesting variations in mineral composition.

Figure 8: ATR-FTIR spectra of upper Palaeolithic zoomorphic clay figurines from Afalou Cave compared to the cave sediment.Figure 8 : Spectre IT-RF en mode ATR pour des figures zoomorphes en argile provenant du site du paléolithique supérieur de la grotte d’Afalou, comparé à du sédiment de la grotte.

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