Notes

• [1]
  Liberties in Philadelphia County were governed by a distinct administration system: areas covered by liberties could be widely scattered across the county, as opposed to plantations in closely-knit settlements prevailing elsewhere.
• [2]
  The Lenape’s sovereign position is illustrated in the council held by sachem Mattahorn in 1645, to decide with other sachems and warriors whether they should “kill all the Swedes, and destroy them altogether,” for they “dwelled upon” their land, had “many fortresses and houses for their habitation” but had “no goods to sell.” The council weighed the facts that the Swedes were “skillful warriors,” that they were in friendship with them, and that they would “bring a large ship, with all sorts of good things,” eventually deciding not to “root them out of the country” (Holm, 153-156).
• [3]
  “Improvement” covered processes such as alterations to the landscape or the building of homes. Clearing, efforts at creating a model landscape, but also “homes, warehouses, coffeehouses, wharves, fences, and gardens were all signposts of improvement and were used to measure the success of the projects of ‘building’ and planting’,” as Catharine Dann Roeber explains in her dissertation chapter entitled “Taking the Keys: Improvement Strategies in Pennsylvania” (Roeber 38-39).
• [4]
  As a consequence of the 1652 Act of Settlement, Catholic ownership of land fell from forty-two percent in 1641 to twenty-two percent in 1660.
• [5]
  The Down Survey took its name from the process of scaling down the surveys from large field notes onto small maps.
• [6]
  William Petty’s 1662 treatise on taxes, quoted in Gallo, “William Penn” 9.
• [7]
  Quoted in Gallo, “William Penn” 7.
• [8]
  Penn’s commissioners had initially chosen Upland to erect the capital, but the site was found too narrow and too shallow. High tonnage ships could anchor at Philadelphia and sail up to the Falls of the Delaware.
• [9]
  Penn’s secretary Phillip Ford financed much of the heavy expenses for the colony between 1681 and 1685, negotiating the charter, advertising the colony, establishing an administrative staff, buying trade goods to clear title to the land with the local Lenape. Already by August 1682, when Penn was about to sail to America, he owed Ford the large sum of £2 851,22 (approximately £54 000 in today’s currency), and by March 1685, his debt had climbed to £4 293 (Dunn).
• [10]
  See A map of some of the south and east bounds of Pennsylvania in America being partly inhabited. London: sold by John Thornton & John Seller, (1681). Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Collection d’Anville. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb406066776.
• [11]
  See one of the colored versions of the map: Holme, Thomas. A mapp of ye improved part of Pensilvania in America, divided into countyes, townships, and lotts. Map. London: Sold by P. Lea at ye Atlas and Hercules in Cheapside, [1689?]. Norman B. Leventhal Map & Education Center, https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82m423t.
• [12]
  See Wallace’s maps of the Indian Paths, available online at https://archive.org/details/indianpathsofpen0000wall/page/n1/mode/2up
• [13]
  John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in the Olden Time… (Philadelphia, 1898), II, 67:4, quoted in Wallace 91.
• [14]
  Wheaton J. Lane and Thomas J. Wertenbaker, From Indian Trail to Iron Horse (Princeton, 1939), p. 18, quoted in Wallace 90.