Notes

• [1]
  Gérald Bronner, La Démocratie des crédules, Paris, Puf, 2013.
• [2]
  Voir partie 1 de cet ouvrage, « Les ratés de la raison », p. 13.
• [3]
  Robert Brotherton, « Towards a Definition of “Conspiracy Theory” », PsyPAG Quarterly, 2013, vol. 88, p. 9-14.
• [4]
  Serge Moscovici, Raison et cultures, Paris, Éditions de l’EHESS, 2012 ; Serge Moscovici, Miles Hewstone, « De la science au sens commun », in Serge Moscovici, Psychologie sociale, Paris, Puf, 1984, p. 545-572.
• [5]
  Voir Pierre-André Taguieff, La Foire aux illuminés, Paris, Mille et Une Nuits, 2005.
• [6]
  Voir par exemple davidicke.com
• [7]
  Véronique Campion-Vincent, La Société parano. Théories du complot, menaces et incertitudes, Paris, Payot, 2005.
• [8]
  Voir chapitre 4 de cet ouvrage, p. 63.
• [9]
  Voir primat de la conclusion ; Sylvain Delouvée, « Répéter n’est pas croire. Sur la transmission des idées conspirationnistes », Diogène, 2015, n° 249-250, p. 88-98.
• [10]
  Imre Lakatos, Histoire et méthodologie des sciences. Programmes de recherche et reconstruction rationnelle (1978), Paris, Puf, 1994.
• [11]
  Thomas Kuhn, La Structure des révolutions scientifiques (1962), Paris, Flammarion, 1983.
• [12]
  Pascal Wagner-Egger, Sylvain Delouvée, Nicolas Gauvrit, Sebastian Dieguez, « Creationism and Conspiracism Share a Common Teleological Bias », Current Biology, 2018, vol. 28, n° 16, R867-R868.
• [13]
  Michael Shermer, Why People Believe Weird Things ?, New York, Freeman and Company, 1997.
• [14]
  Serge Moscovici, « The Conspiracy Mentality », in Carl F. Graumann, Serge Moscovici (eds.), Changing Conceptions of Conspiracy, New York, Springer, 1987, p. 151-169.
• [15]
  Viren Swami, Rebecca Coles, Stefan Stieger, Jakob Pietschnig, Adrien Furnham, Sherry Rehim, Martin Voracek, « Conspiracist Ideation in Britain and Austria. Evidence of a Monological Belief System and Associations between Individual Psychological Differences and Realworld and Fictitious Conspiracy Theories », British Journal of Psychology, 2011, vol. 102, p. 443-463.
• [16]
  Robert Brotherton, Christopher French, Alan D. Pickering, « Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories. The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale », Frontiers in Psychology, 2013, vol. 4, p. 279 ; Martin Bruder, Peter Haffke, Nick Neave, Nina Nouripanah, Roland Imhoff, « Measuring Individual Differences in Generic Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories across Cultures. Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire », Frontiers in Psychology, 2013, vol. 4, p. 225 ; Neil Dagnall, Ken Drinkwater, Andrew Parker, Andrew Denovan, Megan Parton, « Conspiracy Theory and Cognitive Style. A Worldview », Frontiers in Psychology, 2015, vol. 6, p. 206 ; Ted Goertzel, « Belief in Conspiracy Theories », Political Psychology, 1994, vol. 15, p. 731-742.
• [17]
  Marina Abalakina-Paap, Walter Stephan, Traci Craig, W. Larry Gregory, « Beliefs in Conspiracies », Political Psychology, 1999, vol. 20, p. 637-647 ; Jennifer Crocker, Riia Luhtanen, Stephanie Broadnax, Bruce E. Blaine, « Belief in US Government Conspiracies against Blacks among Black and White College Students. Powerlessness or System Blame ? », Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1999, vol. 25, p. 941-953 ; Ted Goertzel, « Belief in Conspiracy Theories », art. cité ; Roland Imhoff, Martin Bruder, « Speaking (un-)Truth to Power. Conspiracy Mentality as a Generalised Political Attitude », European Journal of Personality, 2014, vol. 28, p. 25-43.
• [18]
  Sebastian Dieguez, Pascal Wagner-Egger, Nicolas Gauvrit « “Nothing Happens by Accident”, or Does It ? A Low Prior for Randomness Does not Explain Belief in Conspiracy Theories », Psychological Science, 2015, vol. 26, n° 11, p. 1762-1770 ; Karen M. Douglas, Robbie M. Sutton, Mitchell J. Callan, Rael J. Dawtry, Annelie J. Harvey, « Someone is Pulling the Strings. Hypersensitive Agency Detection and Belief in Conspiracy Theories », Thinking Reasoning, 2015, vol. 22, p. 57-77 ; Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Andre P. Krouwel, Thomas V. Pollet, « Political Extremism Predicts Belief in Conspiracy Theories », Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2015, vol. 6, n° 5, p. 570-578.
• [19]
  Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Andre P. Krouwel, Thomas V. Pollet, « Political Extremism Predicts Belief in Conspiracy Theories », art cité.
• [20]
  Jennifer Crocker et al., « Belief in US Government Conspiracies against Blacks among Black and White College Students… », art. cité.
• [21]
  David Barron, Kevin Morgan, Tony Towell, Boris Altemeyer, Viren Swami, « Associations between Schizotypy and Belief in Conspiracist Ideation », Personality and Individual Differences, 2014, vol. 70, p. 156-159 ; Hannah Darwin, Nick Neave, Joni Holmes, « Belief in Conspiracy Theories. The Role of Paranormal Belief, Paranoid Ideation and Schizotypy », Personality and Individual Differences, 2011, vol. 50, n° 8, p. 1289-1293 ; Jan Van der Tempel, James E. Alcock, « Relationships between Conspiracy Mentality, Hyperactive Agency Detection, and Schizotypy. Supernatural Forces at Work ? », Personality and Individual Differences, 2015, vol. 82, p. 136-141.
• [22]
  Emilio Lobato, Jorge Mendoza, Valerie Sims, Matthew Chin, « Examining the Relationship between Conspiracy Theories, Paranormal Beliefs, and Pseudoscience Acceptance among a University Population », Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2014, vol. 28, p. 617-625 ; Anna-Kaisa Newheiser, Miguel Farias, Nicole Tausch, « The Functional Nature of Conspiracy Beliefs. Examining the Underpinnings of Belief in the Da Vinci Code Conspiracy », Personality and Individual Differences, 2011, vol. 51, p. 1007-1011 ; Michiel van Elk, « Perceptual Biases in Relation to Paranormal and Conspiracy Beliefs », PLoS ONE, 2015, vol. 10 [e0130422].
• [23]
  Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Nils B. Jostmann, « Belief in Conspiracy Theories. The Influence of Uncertainty and Perceived Morality », European Journal of Social Psychology, 2013, vol. 43, p. 109-115.
• [24]
  Daniel Sullivan, Mark J. Landau, Zachary K. Rothschild, « An Existential Function of Enemyship. Evidence that People Attribute Influence to Personal and Political Enemies to Compensate for Threats to Control », Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010, vol. 98, p. 434-449 ; Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Michele Acker, « The Influence of Control on Belief in Conspiracy Theories. Conceptual and Applied Extensions », Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2015, vol. 29, p. 753-761.
• [25]
  Anthony Lantian, Dominique Muller, Cécile Nurra, Karen M. Douglas, « “I Know Things They Don’t Know !” The Role of Need for Uniqueness in Belief in Conspiracy Theories », Social Psychology, 2017, vol. 48, n° 3, p. 160-173.
• [26]
  Ali Mashuri, Esti Zaduqisti, « The Effect of Intergroup Threat and Social Identity Salience on the Belief in Conspiracy Theories over Terrorism in Indonesia. Collective Angst as a Mediator », International Journal of Psychology Research, 2015, vol. 8, p. 24-35.
• [27]
  Monika Grzesiak-Feldman, Monika Kaminska-Feldman, « The Role of Personal and Social Identity in Conspiracy Stereotypisation », Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2015, vol. 36, p. 205-212.
• [28]
  Viren Swami, Martin Voracek, Stefan Stieger, Tran, U. S., Adrian Furnham,« Analytic Thinking Reduces Belief in Conspiracy Theories », Cognition, 2014, vol. 133, p. 572-585.
• [29]
  Daniel Kahneman, Thinking Fast and Thinking Slow, New York, Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2011.
• [30]
  Robert Brotherton, Christopher French, « Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy », Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2014, vol. 28, p. 238-248.
• [31]
  John W. McHoskey, « Case Closed ? On the John F. Kennedy Assassination. Biased Assimilation of Evidence and Attitude Polarization », Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1995, vol. 17, p. 395-409.
• [32]
  Patrick J. Leman, M. Cinnirella, « A Major Event Has a Major Cause. Evidence for the Role of Heuristics in Reasoning about Conspiracy Theories », Social Psychology Review, 2007, vol. 9, p. 18-28.
• [33]
  Robyn A. LeBoeuf, Micheal I. Norton, « Consequence-Cause Matching. Looking to the Consequences of Events to Infer their Causes », Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 39, p. 128-141.
• [34]
  Sebastian Dieguez et al., « “Nothing Happens by Accident”, or Does It ?... », art. cité.
• [35]
  Bradley Franks, Adrian Bangerter, Martin Bauer, « Conspiracy Theories as Quasi-Religious Mentality. An Integrated Account from Cognitive Science, Social Representations Theory, and Frame Theory », Frontiers in Psychology, 2013, 4.
• [36]
  Voir Serge Moscovici, La psychanalyse, son image et son public, Paris, Puf, 1961 ; et la théorie des représentations sociales
• [37]
  Lee Basham, Matthew R. X. Dentith « Social Science’s Conspiracy-Theory Panic. Now They Want to Cure Everyone », Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 2016, vol. 5, n° 10, p 12-19 ; lire également la réponse de Sebastian Dieguez, Gérald Bronner, Véronique Campion-Vincent, Sylvain Delouvée, Nicolas Gauvrit, Anthony Lantian, Pascal Wagner-Egger, « “They” Respond : Comments on Basham et al.’s “Social Science’s Conspiracy-Theory Panic. Now They Want to Cure Everyone” », Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 2016, vol. 5, n° 12, p. 20-39.
• [38]
  Daniel Jolley, Karen M. Douglas, « The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions », PLoS ONE, 2014, vol. 9, e89177.
• [39]
  Daniel Jolley, Karen M. Douglas, « The Social Consequences of Conspiracism. Exposure to Conspiracy Theories Decreases Intentions to Engage in Politics and to Reduce One’s Carbon Footprint », British Journal of Psychology, 2012, vol. 105, p. 35-56 ; Lewandowski, S., Oberauer, K., Gignac, G., « Nasa Faked the Moon Landing. Therefore (Climate) Science Is a Hoax. An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science », Psychological Science, 2013, vol. 24, p. 622-633.
• [40]
  Lisa D. Butler, Cheryl Koopman, Philip G. Zimbardo, « The Psychological Impact of Viewing the film “JFK”. Emotions, Beliefs, and Political Behavioral Intentions », Political Psychology, 1995, vol. 16, p. 237-257 ; Daniel Jolley, Karen M. Douglas, « The Social Consequences of Conspiracism… », art. cité ; Sylvain Delouvée, « Conspiracism and Extremism. What Role for Prevention and Local Actors ? », LIAISE 2 Project, European Forum for Urban Security, 2017.
• [41]
  Gérald Bronner, La Pensée extrême. Comment des hommes ordinaires deviennent des fanatiques, Paris, Denoël, 2009, rééd. Puf, 2016 ; et La Démocratie des crédules, op. cit.